Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. You can also join with your friends to an alliance and thus have more strength of map control. ." After retaking Jerusalem from the Muslims during the First Crusade, the Christians began establishing Crusader kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). Paris remained a stronghold of Catholicism, and on August 23 and 24, 1572, thousands of Protestants were slaughtered in the massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day. The result was absolute chaos, as leaders of states vied for more power and larger territories. James also supported settlement in the New World. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. They also founded Portugal's overseas provinces in western and eastern Africa, India, Southeast Asia, and Brazil and poured the vast riches of the empire into the homeland. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Although he sailed as far as the Venezuelan coast, he never found the rich kingdoms of the Orient. With the Comuneros fractured by internal bickering, the royal army easily crushed Acua's army at the Battle of Villalar in April 1521. The Hundred Years' War was the outcome of disputes between the ruling families of England and France, the Plantagenets (pronounced plan-TAJ-eh-nets) in England and the Capetians (pronounced keh-PEE-shehns) in France. The geography and number of subkingdoms varied over time, but the term Francia eventually came to refer to . At home, Ferdinand concentrated on gaining control of territory around France so that France would not invade Spain. The bulk of the preparatory work fell to Thomas Wolsey (c. 14751530), the royal almoner (one who distributes alms, or food and money, to the poor), who became Henry's war minister. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. 2. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. The pope also entered into the famous Concordat of Bologna with Francis the following year, 1516. Actually, the struggle did not last a full one hundred years but instead consisted of a series of conflicts interspersed with periods of peace. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. The merchants of India were immediately suspicious of this highly organized expedition from Europe. They also wanted to end the use of wedding rings, which were believed to be popish because Catholics wore them. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. He reached the continent in November. Edward died in 1553 at the age of sixteen, probably from pneumonia (a disease of the lungs) and possibly tuberculosis (a bacterial infection of the lungs). Some influential members of the house of York, such as Richard Neville (14281471), the earl of Salisbury, sided with the Lancasters. Yet the Catalan revolt and the Andalusian independence movement, along with the loss of Portugal, showed that Spain was losing its status as a major world power. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. The Moors established a new culture on the Iberian Peninsula. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. While preparing to confront Adrian's forces, the Comuneros discovered that they were divided among themselves. Edward's sister, Mary Tudor, would restore the Catholic faith because she had always been a Catholic. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain In walking less than five miles, he counted more than eleven hundred Spanish bodies. They used the The conflic, Catherine de' Medici Some European explorers were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living somewhere in eastern Asia. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. Saint Paul's School was founded early in Henry's reign by John Colet, the learned dean (head) of St. Paul's Cathedral. In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. Having During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. The monarchs reorganized the Santa Hermandad into a national militia (citizens army) that was funded by towns. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. Mary had widespread popular support, and she immediately began undoing the Reformation in two stages. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. The Visigoths were a nomadic Germanic tribe which flourished in Europe during the time of the Romans. Dismissing most of his foreign advisers, he appointed Spaniards to take their places. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. At the top were kings, who owned the land. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Now he accepted a number of Lutheran doctrines, such as rejection of the pope as God's sole representative on Earth. In 1492 Queen Isabella, the monarch of Spain, commissioned Columbus to prove he could find the western route. His men won a few When Essex returned to England, Elizabeth reluctantly withdrew her patronage from him. The Spanish lost 1,000 men. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. Although aware of In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. to France. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. In a dozen voyages from 1603 until 1633, Champlain discovered the easternmost Great Lakes, Huron and Ontario; founded the city of Quebec; and served as commandant of France's new colonial territories, which were called New France. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). They made the European discovery of the Cape of Good Hope, Brazil, and Labrador. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. Although there was no mention of heirs, Spanish law stated that the monarchs' heir would inherit both kingdoms. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. Thus, on March 17, 1558, the last Tudor monarch of England ascended the throne. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. Not only did he refuse to follow Elizabeth's orders, but he also signed an unauthorized truce with the rebels. Despite the new division, the conflict between the sub-kingdoms continued. The Spanish then invaded France, taking Toulon and other parts of southeast France. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. Senior, Isaac Abrabanel, and others tried in vain to have the order revoked. Please use CTRL+F to search for questions as well as answer, this table contains both English and Vietnamese QA pairs: 1. Barbarossa fled to Algiers (now Algeria), in North Africa, with the remnant of his fleet. After Marco Polo's explorations, the Mongols, who ruled all of Asia and parts of the European continent, had allowed free overland access to European merchants. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? At one time, the Holy Roman Empire had encompassed nearly all of Europe. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. Cromwell therefore declared the marriage invalid shortly after he conducted the wedding Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain At the age of thirteen, Francis left his mother's household to reside at the French court, where courtiers referred to him as the dauphin. Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. Philip's only son, Carlos, was exhibiting bouts of severe mental instability. 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