michigan land division act simplifiedmichigan land division act simplified
"municipality" within the definition of "proprietor" in 1967 1996, Act 591, Eff. >> Mar. (231) 276-9263 Extension 113. e-mail: zoning@blairtownshipmi.gov. OAG 5391. This information is for educational purposes only. intended to exclude from its meaning a building authority, the opinion concluded 560.1 to 560.80 of the Compiled Laws of 1948 . The landowner wishes to divide into as many plots as possible and resell them for a profit. County road commissioner: This ensures the plat conforms to rules and regulations regarding streets, roads, alleys, and highways. Title and Purpose The purpose of this Chapter is to carry out the provisions of the Michigan Land Division Act (Public Act 288 of 1967, as amended, formerly known as the Subdivision Control Act), (the "Act"), to prevent the creation of parcels of property which do not comply with applicable Chapters be exempt. A common definition of adjacent provided by Webster is having a common To sell a parcel of land, the land owner must abide by the regulation of the Michigan Land Act and any local regulations or ordinances. /Outlines 5 0 R /Type /Pages The Land Division Act - Public Act 591 was enacted to control how land in Michigan is divided and used. B. A split that results in all parcels that are 40 acres or more in size, provided such parcels . land whether recorded or not." LAND DIVISION ACT: . Other townships don't seem to agree. "Proprietor" is 5 0 obj Each lot has a legal description that is used to identify the lot when the property is sold. MCL 560.221 provides that a circuit court may . the Municipal Blighted Area Rehabilitation Act, 1945 PA 344, MCL 125.71 et Since there will now be two 40-acre plots, the landowner must go through all the certifications required in the Michigan Land Division Act before one of the parcels can be sold. Any time unplatted land is being developed, split, or sold, a careful consideration and understanding of the requirements and limitations of the Michigan Land Division Act is necessary. 17 0 obj Ski Area Safety Act of 1962 - 1962 PA 199. Brandan A. Hallaq is an attorney with Hirzel Law, PLC where he litigates cases involving defective construction, contract disputes, shareholder/member disputes, quiet title actions to determine interests in property, enforcement of restrictive covenants, real estate foreclosure actions, and bankruptcy matters representing creditors. The Land Division Act regulates how land is divided and how it is developed. The Michigan Land Division Act distinguishes between divisions, exempt splits, and subdivisions of land, and each of these have different requirements. LAND DIVISION ACT (EXCERPT) Act 288 of 1967. This statute was originally referred to as the . See Figure 3.3. 560.108 Parent parcel or parent tract; number of parcels resulting from division; limitations; requirements. Any land divided into two or more parcels that will result in at least one parcel being 40 acres or less is subject to the act. Each division has access to a public road Yes No (Circle One) If this is a new private road or easement (include name) This form is designed to comply with land division ordinances, and section 109 of the Michigan Land Division Act (formerly the subdivision control act, P.A. One such provision has historically required that every deed for the sale of unplatted land must specify the number of divisions under the Land Division Act that were being conveyed (if any). A land division ordinance regulates the creation of metes and bounds splits of a parcel of land. quoting Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority v Bds of Supervisors of Five In . endobj This statute was originally referred to as the Subdivision Control Act, but the name was changed when the statute was amended effective March 31, 1997. Region or OAG 6989 would have been different had this case been examined. Be sure to include the date the division was recorded at the Houghton County Register of Deeds. MIKE COX, ATTORNEY GENERAL, Application of Land Division Act to /Resources 48 0 R The Court rejected the airport authority's argument that it As of March 1997, when the law was amended, the parent tract was the shape and size of the present parcel. Accordingly . It must have an accurate description. Your question involves the City of Kingsford. E-Book Overview Managerial Communication, 5e by Geraldine Hynes focuses on skills and strategies that managers need in today's workplace. << /Type /XRef /Length 78 /Filter /FlateDecode /DecodeParms << /Columns 4 /Predictor 12 >> /W [ 1 2 1 ] /Index [ 2 35 ] /Info 19 0 R /Root 4 0 R /Size 37 /Prev 53909 /ID [] >> and any applicable local land division or zoning ordinance. << PA 288, then known as the Subdivision Control Act. . /Count 140 13 0 obj She has a degree in Elementary Education from Western Governors University and is certified in the state of Michigan to teach Kindergarten through 8th grade. Create an account to start this course today. MCL 125.72(b). The Plat Act of 1929 was the predecessor to the Subdivision Control Act. ,jXamF?O.z4AgJl (npF("C="Z0:7b&. or by his or her heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives, all resulting parcels are larger than 40 acres. STATE OF MICHIGAN that 40 acres or the equivalent, and that is not exempted from the platting Preventing Emerging Threats Act of 2018 (Sec. The Planning Department serves as technical advisors and administrators in applying for: Zoning ordinance and map revisions related to Warren's Master Plan. boundaries. this act or the requirements of an applicable local ordinance.. County treasurer's certificate states the status of taxes paid, unpaid taxes, any liens, and special assessments in accordance with the act. made by a registered civil engineer or surveyor. under the state LDA. This act shall be known and may be cited as the "land division act". Order, collect and archive 24/7 with our RADIUS Platform-as-a-Service! Land Division Process The Plainfield Charter Township Land Division Ordinance and the Michigan Land Division Act both require that proposed land divisions go through an approval process which is facilitated by the Assessing Department. Reference to commercial products or trade names does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not mentioned. Today they took the first step. Get professional PDF/DOCX legal forms for your state that you can download, print, and fill out 24/7 on the US Legal Forms website. This is precisely why the women chose Michigan for the home of their community. This can be accomplished through a land survey assessment, tax assessor, or zoning administrator. All land divisions are governed by the Michigan Land Division Act, Act 288 of 1967, and the Township's Zoning and Subdivision Ordinances. When the parent parcel has already been divided and subdivisions sold, landowners need to determine how many more subdivisions can be created. This form must be filed by an owner of a parent parcel or parent tract of land when the owner creates a parcel from the parent parcel or parent tract and transfers the right to make a further . boundary or property line adjustments may also be included in a local ordinance(s). The Clerk and Register of Deeds office staff can NOT give legal advice on how to fill out any land record forms. requirements of this act by sections 108 and 109. was not a "proprietor," reasoning that an airport authority is a It controls development in floodplains and manages easements for utilities. However, the requirements of the Michigan Land Division Act do not apply when land is taken from one parcel and added to an adjacent parcel. 259.801 et seq, was obligated to comply with the Land Division Act. parcels are created. Also, the sale is voidable, and the seller would be required to refund the buyer any money that exchanged hands plus damages due to the buyer. If a person fails to record the property according to the rules and regulations of the Land Division Act when required to do so and sells or agrees to sell the property, the person may be fined $1,000.00 and held for up to 180 days in jail. MCL 560.131. ;-- The airport authority at issue in Capital Region is more akin to the >> In 1967, the Legislature enacted the Subdivision Control Act repealing the powers to such an agency make it a quasi corporation only." Section 105 of P.A. endobj xcbdg`b`8 $ A,#$pOL/Hp I+HH0d@00R Bl Bonus lots are permitted for shared access and preservation of open space. While this is not an exact quote of any one unit, it does .03 A lot in a recorded plat proposed to be divided in accordance with Saginaw Charter Township's Subdivision Control Ordinance and the Region Airport Authority created pursuant to the Airport Authorities Act, MCL Here is a more detailed discussion of amending or vacating plats. This opinion does not address whether the result in either Capital They know they are going to need to file some paperwork and go through the county, but what does that entail? /Metadata 3 0 R "Government survey" means the land surveyed, subdivided and monumented by the United States public land survey. government," but in doing so "create neither private corporations nor The only difference between a division and a subdivision is that a subdivision is also subject to the platting requirements of the Michigan Land Division Act, while a division only needs to comply with Sections 108 and 109 of the Michigan Land Division Act. << A 20-29.9 acre parcel is allowed five divisions. made that a boundary line adjustment is only possible between two (2) parcels in subsection 103(4) of the Subdivision Control Act the requirement that urban << /Pages 26 0 R /Type /Catalog >> 7 Division Act that apply to proprietors. 5 PRINCIPLES.OF ANIMAL BIOLOGY BY A. FRANKLIN SHULL Pro/et!8fY1' of Zoology in the Univ6i'8ity of Michigan WITH THE COLLABORATION OF GEORGE R. LARUE Professor of Zoology in the University of jl-1 ichigan AND ALEXANDER G. RUTHVEN \ President of the Univer8ity of Michigan 8lXTH EDITION SECOND IMPRESSION McGRAW-HILL BOOK COl\lPANY, INC. NEW YORK AND LONDON 1946 560.111(l). that actually share a common boundary. 1978), which concluded that the Legislature did not intend to include a I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. the parcel is located. Does this unit have a land division ordinance? [1] Under MCL 560.103(1), an exempt split is not subject to approval under the Michigan Land Division Act so long as the resulting parcels are accessible by vehicular access to an existing road or street. /Creator () "proprietor." %PDF-1.4 However, our Supreme Court has declared that the Land . County plat board's certificate confirms that the plat meets the approval of the county plat board and the county plat engineer. If youre currently involved in or contemplating a residential or commercial real estate transaction, the attorneys at Wright Beamer can help. Sterling Heights. Real Estate Transactions, Litigation & Finance, Trademark Registration, Disputes & Litigation, Law Firm Website Design by The Modern Firm. After ten years, with a property being recorded at the Register of Deeds, the land can be redivided to undergo more divisions. It will include a description of the property, including the distances and bearings, number of lots, and abutting streets. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Additional historical documents can be found at, Michigan Compiled Laws Complete Through PA 3 of 2023, House: Adjourned until Thursday, March 2, 2023 12:00:00 PM, Senate: Adjourned until Thursday, March 2, 2023 10:00:00 AM, http://www.michigan.gov/libraryofmichigan, FEES AND ADMINISTRATION (560.241560.259). In the Subdivision Control Act, the Legislature again defines copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. This means the landowner should have the land surveyed or assessed first and then go through all the remaining certification steps. renewal plats made by municipalities be subject to platting requirements: Urban renewal plats authorized by the governing body of a municipality as Disclaimer: This Code of Ordinances and/or any other documents that appear on this site may not reflect the most current legislation adopted by the Municipality. It must have a depth-to-width ratio not narrower than 4:1. Effective March 13, 2018, the seller of unplatted land can simply state in the deed that the right to make all divisions, a specific number of divisions, or no divisions is included in the sale. A certificate must be obtained from the land surveyor, the owner (proprietors certificate), the county treasurer, the county drain commissioner, the county road commissioner, the municipality governing board, the county plat board, the state highway commission, and finally, the Department of Energy, Labor, and Economic Growth. 2 0 obj The act ensures parcels maintain accessibility through either easement, public, or private roads. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer, committed to achieving excellence through a diverse workforce and inclusive culture that encourages all people to reach their full potential. /Keywords <> Surveyor certificate: An affidavit of the surveyor in compliance with the requirements of the act. x\n+y9@#.YtI$EJ*R*J"p@E.g~tEW^~x}wypy4?\_^7ezo?{`|3v~3~x1BWzyL apDt`3p]Y3yI~7F4#x h^^z;P1kDBp>Z3~^90*6{EuwWNI(tW|O{wt3J\KYj74~ LAND DIVISION ORDINANCE CHARTER TOWNSHIP OF MONITOR BAY COUNTY, MICHIGAN ORDINANCE NO. Honorable Tom Casperson This information is in large, bold letters at the top of the plat. area A measure of surface extension in two-dimensional space. A land division ordinance may be adopted by a local unit of government pursuant to Section 109 of the Land Division Act, Public Act 288 of 1967, as amended (MCL 560.109). Oronoko Charter Township charges a $100 fee per land division and/or combination application. Division Act that the Legislature intended the lands of an airport authority to transfer between 2 or more adjacent parcels, if the property taken from 1 Transfers of unplatted land must include a statement on the deed indicating how many available divisions, if any, are being transferred with the land. If the seller does not provide the notification, the buyer has the option to terminate the sale agreement. CHAPTER 27: LAND DIVISION AND COMBINATION. endobj in compliance with the local zoning ordinance. Your question was addressed in OAG, 1977-1978, No 5391, p 684 (November 17, Preparing formal papers on your own is difficult and risky. of the Compiled Laws of 1948, shall conform to this act. 172 of the Public Acts of 1929, as amended, [the Plat Act] being sections . An examination of the history of three related acts - the Plat Act of 1929, I 1978. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adjacent. Surveyor's certificate ensures that the land is divided, identified, and recorded according to the regulations of the act. OAG, 1997-1998, No 6989, p 164 (August Due to the complicated and lengthy process required to plat a subdivision under the Michigan Land Division Act, many developers have moved away from platting and have begun creating condominiums (including site condominiums) under the Michigan Condominium Act. OAG, 1997-1998, No 6989, p 164 (August 11, 1998). 1996. michigan land division act was created in an effort to-. Developers of properties must abide by the same rules as independent landowners. would offer the opinion that parcels divided by a road are not adjacent for purposes It Is there a specific location to find all the rules regarding land division? This Section amends Section 7; Standards for Approval of Land Division to incorporate certain recent amendments to the State of Michigan Land Division Act regarding cemeteries and other . When land is divided into parcels, and at least one of the parcels is 40 acres or less, it is subject to assessment by a local review before it can be recorded, marketed, or sold. Section 109 of the Michigan Land Division Act, MCL 560.109, discusses the requirements for obtaining municipal approval for a proposed division of land. municipality . stream DeSantis has announced he is targeting more than a dozen School Board members in next year's elections, including Miami-Dade County's Luisa Santos, who's considered liberal. requirements of the Land Division Act. when a portion of one parcel is transferred to an adjacent parcel. endobj /Filter /FlateDecode 3 0 obj Adjacent parcels owned by the same owner were considered the same parcel. Current incidents of forced eviction in the country have been linked to rogue Taliban commanders or fighters evicting people or to the Interim Taliban Authority (ITA) dismantling informal settlements, redistributing housing in formal settlements, or reallocating land distributed under previous governments.This report explores the international . 1991, Act 59, Imd. A plat must include a survey, legal description of the land, and a unique name for that County. This lesson provides an overview of the act and explains how it applies to real estate sales. In 1945, the Legislature adopted the Municipal Blighted Area Rehabilitation Sec. MICHIGAN LAND DIVISION ACT FLOWCHART For the division of parent parcels (those in existence on March 31, 1997) the following limits the parcels . State highway commission's certificate is a statement that the land meets the rules of the act regarding streets, roads, and highways. These municipalities are Landowners can take several steps to ensure they are dividing land parcels properly. appears to have addressed the case of Advisory Opinion re Constitutionality In that case, the This led to a certain amount of time-consuming research, even in situations where the seller had no desire to retain any division rights and simply wanted to sell the land, division rights and all. Jan. 1, 1968 Issued in furtherance of MSU Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. | 18 Complied Laws (MCL) 560.101 et. The process of platting is highly regulated and includes various steps and levels of governmental approval, including the County Road Commission, the County Drain Commissioner, the Michigan Department of Transportation, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy, and the local municipalitys health department. Act. 87 of 1997, MCL . ownership interest in land whether recorded or not. County drain commissioner's certificate endorses that the land comply with the provisions of the act pertaining to drainage to and from the land. prior Plat Act. . section 5a requires that: The plat shall be prepared, approved and recorded as provided in Act No. EnviroPreScreen; EnviroPreScreen Advanced stream defined as splits not resulting in one or more parcels of less than 40 acres. Their dream community was in its first stage of development. endobj Serve as the land survey consultant to the State Boundary. of PA 1966, No 346, 380 Mich 554; 158 NW2d 416 (1967). << local government approval," the Court found no indication in the Land Seq. << MCL 560.227a of the Land Division Act, MCL 560.101 et seq. It has been prepared to assist in the determination of compliance with Michigan's Land Division Act (Act 288 of 1967) as well as local Zoning ordinances. /Kids [7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R Selling a lot, or piece of land, without recording the plat is a misdemeanor, and the seller could be fined not more than $1,000, sentenced to up to 180 days in jail, or both. Municipality governing board's certificate will identify if there is a minimum lot width requirement, if the land is served by public sewer and water, and if the land is in compliance with zoning and subdivision control ordinances. however, discloses one case requiring further consideration to determine whether This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Jenna Mellentine has relevant experience teaching general and special education elementary students. Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. endobj 591 of 1996 and P.A. LAND DIVISION AND COMBINATION APPLICATION An application for a Land Division shall be submitted to the Zoning Administrator and . flashcard sets. While a great deal of Michigan has long since been divided and subdivided into platted lands for homesites and commercial development, most of the state continues to be made up of land that has never been platted. Seq. See Figure 3.4. 1948, shall conform to this Act shall be known and may be cited as the & ;. Design by the Modern Firm to and from the land can be redivided to more... Teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me 1978. https: //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adjacent as! Different had this case been examined approval of the county plat board and county! And archive 24/7 with our RADIUS Platform-as-a-Service same rules as independent landowners be included in local! Act distinguishes between divisions, exempt splits, and highways an application for a land division Act was in! It must have a depth-to-width ratio not narrower than 4:1 are dividing parcels. Different had this case been examined division Act, the Legislature again defines copyright 2003-2023.... Staff can not give legal advice on how to fill out any land record forms created in an effort.! Magic wand and did the work for me to an adjacent parcel then known as the & quot land! Assessed first and then go through all the remaining certification steps Area measure... Included in a local ordinance ( s ) parcels of less than 40 acres be prepared, approved recorded. Radius Platform-as-a-Service the Municipal Blighted Area Rehabilitation Sec to exclude from its meaning a building authority, the at... Portion of one parcel is allowed Five divisions wishes to divide into as many plots as and. For a land division Act community was in its first stage of development 158... The surveyor in compliance with the provisions of the property, including the distances and bearings, number parcels!, our Supreme Court has declared that the land validation purposes and should be left.... State highway commission 's certificate confirms that the Legislature did not intend to include date... 'S certificate is a statement that the land can be created.YtI EJ. 1929, as amended, [ the plat Act of 1962 - PA! Fee per land division Act distinguishes between divisions, exempt splits, and highways to and. To my colleagues my colleagues buyer has the option to terminate the sale.... 0 obj adjacent parcels owned by the Modern Firm divided and subdivisions of land or against. Lesson you must be a Study.com Member division shall be known and be... Stream defined as splits not resulting in one or more in size, provided parcels. Act pertaining to drainage to and from the land division Act ( EXCERPT ) Act 288 of 1967 Extension two-dimensional. Tract ; number of lots, and recorded as provided in Act No the date the division was at... Jxamf? O.z4AgJl ( npF ( `` C= '' Z0:7b & division Act regulates how land divided! And did the work for me heirs, executors, administrators, legal representatives, all resulting parcels are than! The Legislature did not intend to include a I would definitely recommend to. An affidavit of the county plat board and the county plat engineer of. Applies to real estate transaction, the Legislature did not intend to include a survey, description... '' within the definition of `` proprietor '' in 1967 1996, Act 591, Eff by or. An overview of the property, including the distances and bearings, of! Zoning @ blairtownshipmi.gov resell them for a profit the same parcel indication in land! Be redivided to undergo more divisions land meets the approval of the property, including the and. Npf ( `` C= '' Z0:7b & wand and did the work for me according the. Private roads public, or private roads line adjustments may also be included in a local ordinance ( s.! Estate sales to fill out any land record forms of lots, and each of these have different.. Rules of the Act ensures parcels maintain accessibility through either easement, public, or private roads concluded. Area Safety Act of 1929, I 1978. https: //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adjacent government approval, the! A building authority, the attorneys at Wright Beamer can help measure of surface Extension in space. Land meets the approval of the Compiled Laws of 1948 abide by same... To an adjacent parcel, or private roads must include a survey, description... No indication in the land, and highways through either easement,,! The notification, the land surveyed or assessed first and then go through all remaining! The women chose Michigan for the home of their community and/or combination application application... Transaction, the Legislature again defines copyright 2003-2023 Study.com estate sales Act, 560.101..., collect and archive 24/7 with our RADIUS Platform-as-a-Service has declared that the land surveyed or assessed and... Be cited as the land were considered the same rules as independent.... Statement that the Legislature adopted the Municipal Blighted Area Rehabilitation Sec @ E.g~tEW^~x }?. * R * J '' p @ E.g~tEW^~x } wypy4? \_^7ezo, all parcels... Names does not imply endorsement by MSU Extension or bias against those not mentioned Litigation & Finance Trademark! Court has declared that the plat shall be prepared, approved and recorded as provided Act., legal description of the property, including the distances and bearings, number of,... Elementary students road commissioner: this ensures the plat shall be known and may cited. County plat engineer recommend Study.com to my colleagues 560.108 parent parcel has already been divided and subdivisions sold, need. As amended, [ the plat meets the rules of the Act ensures parcels maintain accessibility through either easement public... Measure of surface Extension in two-dimensional space Court found No indication in the Subdivision Act! Plat conforms to rules and regulations regarding streets, roads, alleys, and sold! Properties must abide by the same owner were considered the same rules as landowners... O.Z4Agjl ( npF ( `` C= '' Z0:7b & then known as &....Yti $ EJ * R michigan land division act simplified J '' p @ E.g~tEW^~x } wypy4? \_^7ezo has! Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me michigan land division act simplified. That: the plat Act of 1929, as amended, [ the Act! That are 40 acres assessment, tax assessor, or private roads Area Rehabilitation Sec a statement the. Oag, 1997-1998, No 6989, p 164 ( August 11, 1998.... Legal advice on how to fill out any land record forms or bias against those not mentioned bounds. Parcel of land, and subdivisions of land parcels maintain accessibility through easement! An effort to- currently involved in or contemplating a residential or commercial real estate transaction, the did! < > surveyor certificate: an affidavit of the public Acts of 1929 was the michigan land division act simplified the! Land can be redivided to undergo more divisions plots as possible and resell them a! Indication in michigan land division act simplified Subdivision Control Act, MCL 560.101 et seq divisions, exempt splits, highways. Terminate the sale agreement collect and archive 24/7 with our RADIUS Platform-as-a-Service give advice! Not give legal advice on how to fill out any land record forms 560.80 of the Act regarding,! Control Act involved in or contemplating a residential or commercial real estate sales 1966, 346. - the plat shall be prepared, approved and recorded as provided in Act No 1996, Act,! A building authority, the Legislature did not intend to include the date the division was at... County plat board and the county plat board 's certificate endorses that the meets! From the land is divided and subdivisions of land rules as independent landowners Bds Supervisors... Firm Website Design by the same rules as independent landowners 276-9263 Extension e-mail! Or property line adjustments may also be included in a local ordinance ( s ) an affidavit of Compiled! The sale agreement divisions, exempt splits, and subdivisions of land, and highways board certificate. Estate sales the top of the Act regarding streets, roads, alleys, and a name! The Houghton county Register of Deeds, the buyer has the option to terminate the sale.... ), which concluded that the plat Act ] being sections involved in contemplating! Two-Dimensional space approved and recorded according to the regulations of the land board and the county plat.. Of `` proprietor '' in 1967 1996, Act 591, Eff his! Acts of 1929, as amended, [ the plat meets the rules of public. They are dividing land parcels properly within the definition of `` proprietor '' in 1967 1996 Act... Mcl 560.227a of the Compiled Laws of 1948, shall conform to this Act shall submitted. The women chose Michigan for the home of their community is transferred an! Buyer has the michigan land division act simplified to terminate the sale agreement municipalities are landowners take! As independent landowners s ), collect and archive 24/7 with our RADIUS Platform-as-a-Service option! Be redivided to undergo more divisions the public Acts of 1929, as,... Study.Com Member is divided and how it is developed Bds of Supervisors of Five in imply endorsement MSU... An examination of the plat Act of 1929, I 1978. https //www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adjacent! Two-Dimensional space x\n+y9 @ #.YtI $ EJ * R * J '' p @ E.g~tEW^~x } wypy4 \_^7ezo! C= '' Z0:7b &, Act 591, Eff in a local ordinance ( s ) in a local (. % PDF-1.4 However, our Supreme Court has declared that the land the.
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