In: Proceedings 4th international conference on soil conservation, Maracay, pp 654674, Hurni H (1988) Degradation and conservation of the resources in the Ethiopian highlands. GIS Based Soil Loss Estimation Using RUSLE Model: The Case of Jabi Tehinan Woreda, ANRS, Ethiopia. The lower value of P (0.1), the more effective the conservation practices. xZr}W#P%!}erH&-;0..+_ C\p0c&g4fi" Gf3{y~"X?P|/sI4$i7"~}tfo rv7WFs+sgoWjY_Tg%YpL`].w57{v=K}/ND*/~^F0Ex'e*$>zJPJp9y,j\jQl:{%`}FhF.qO. 2011). The soil loss range of Dijo watershed is from 0 to 38.09 ton/ha/year. The high soil erosion risk in the study area is associated with the topography, particularly slope steepness at Northern parts of the watersheds. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):5969, Veihe A, Rey J, Quinton JN, Strauss P, Sancho FM, Somarriba M (2001) Modelling of event-based soil erosion in Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Mexico: evaluation of the EUROSEM model. The predominant vegetation dry shrub steppe and grassland. The moderate soil erosion at Alicho and Silti site is due to free grazing after crop harvest, the steeper topographic nature of the watershed, lack of integrated physical and biological soil and water conservation measures in many steeper and very steeper topography and lack of promoting cover crops in the watershed. This implies that there was spatial variability of soil loss in sub-watersheds (Table10). FERRALSOLS (F)Other soils having an oxic B horizon. Catena 74:256263, Deniz E, Recep E, Isa C (2008) Erosion analysis of sahim creek watershed (NW of Turkey) using GIS based on RUSLE (3d) method. The Ethiopian xeric grasslands and shrublands ecoregion is a semi-desert strip on or near the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden coasts in Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. Nitosols develop on gently sloping ground. 3). Composed of vertisols, they have medium to high potential for both food and agriculture but pose tillage problems because they harden when dry and become sticky when wet. Land Degrad Dev 12:519539, Lu D, Li G, Valladares GS, Batistella M (2004) Mapping soil erosion risk in Rondonia, Brazilian Amazonia: using RUSLE, remote sensing and GIS. Soil erosion is the main drivers in the world and Ethiopia in particular. Land Degrad Dev 15:499512, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ (2003) A review of erosion and sediment transport models. /LastChar 116 endobj The potential annual soil loss ranges from 0 in the flat land to 38.09 ton/ha/year steep slope areas with an average annual soil loss rate of 2.2 ton/ha/year. Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simien Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), and the Simien jackal. This region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes. catchments. occurrence in South America In South America: Soils slopes are often steep, and lithosols (shallow soils consisting of imperfectly weathered rock fragments) abound, accounting for another 10 percent of the continent's surface. /LastChar 233 The only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola. The result reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various trees and terraces. Haile, 1987). Because Ethiopia is located in the tropical latitudes, its areas of lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert. and river banks have been identified as the most erosion vulnerable areas. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T30402A95306943. Slope gradient, slope Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also . Empirical models are models based on inductive logic, and generally are applicable only to those conditions for which the parameters have been calibrated or used for identifying the sources of sediments since they are developed from the experimental measurement or field measurement (Merritt et al. 8). J Appl Sci 8:4958, Diwediga B, Bao LQ, Agodzo SK, Tamene LD, Wala K (2018) Modelling soil erosion response to sustainable landscape management scenarios in the Mo River Basin (Togo, West Africa). Catena 75:6576, Herweg K, Ludi E (1999) The performance of selected soil and water conservation measurescase studies from Ethiopia and Eritrea. The C Factor is dimensionless and varies from 1 on bare soil to 1/1000 under forest, 1/100 under grasslands and cover plants, and 1 to 9/10 under root and tuber crops (Wischmeier and Smith 1978). From the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet. The characteristics of soil, watershed topography (gently sloping and sloping), lack of vegetation cover, cultivation of steep slope without engineering measures, free grazing and sand extraction contributed for moderate soil erosion. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9904-8, Pelton J, Frazier E,Pickilingis E (2012) Calculatingslopelengthfactor(LS) in the (revised) universal soil loss equation(RUSLE) to the Ethiopian highlands, Renard KG, Foster GR, Weesies GA, McCool DK, Yoder DC (1997) Predictingsoilerosionby water:a guideto conservationplanningwith the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE) in Washington. Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D (1994) Land degradation and rehabilitation in Ethiopia: a reassessment. Land and water digital media series # 2. The demerit of this model is the requirement of large amount of data. Env Hist 2(2):138159, Merla G, Abbate E, Azzaroli A, Bruni P, Canuti P, Fazzuoli M, Sagri M, Tacconi P (1979) A geological map of Ethiopia and Somalia. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. >> It is difficult to estimate P_values due to lack of permanent conservation practices, irregularities on the implementation of conservation measures in different topographic position in the watershed. Other soils which are limited in depth by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the surface. EC was measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 (Van Reeuwijk, 2006). The slope steepness of the study watershed ranges from 0 to 57%. M.Sc. Geomorphological Landscapes of Ethiopia. Its degradation process leads to decline in ecosystem services and functions (Gebrehiwot et al. 537; U.S. Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA. erosion. Basement rocks are composed mainly of Tertiary lava flows, although there are also Quaternary basinal deposits at the northern end and pre-Cretaceous basinal deposits on the northern coast of Somaliland. Xerosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Xerosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Xerosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. This introductory chapter reports about the main geographic and geomorphologic features of Ethiopia. The countrys main geomorphological landscapes regions are identified as follows: (1) the northern highlands, including (i) the volcanic plug belt of Adwa, (ii) the central highlands and (iii) the southwestern highlands; (2) the Rift Valley, which consists of three main portions, namely the northern, central, and southern trunks and the Afar and Danakil depressions; (3) the southern plateau, which consists of a northern and southern sector and includes also the Ogaden tableland gently descending to Somalia and the Indian Ocean. Previously, there are no case studies in the specific watershed. Soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if the extent and distribution of gullies should be measured. In: Abebe Y, Geheb K (eds) Wetlands of Ethiopia. We all have agreed to submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission. In: Brahimo AK, Vlek PL (eds) Land use and soil resources. 0000001480 00000 n The World Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper No. 0000003988 00000 n These soils are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture. Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. The volcano is believed to have spread over more than 5000m2 and resulted in a thick sequence of basaltic lava some 3,000-3,500m thick that was deposited on Precambrian crystalline basement. https://doi.org/10.5897/IJWREE2018.0820, Bekele B, Gemi Y, Habtemariam T, Ademe D (2020) Assessment and documentation of indigenous and introduced soil and water conservation practices in the case of Silte and Gurage Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Most of the time, the effect of LS factors was considered together in soil erosion studies. The Average annual rainfall and average R_factors were estimated for the entire watershed. Final Report, Vol: 1 and 2, Rome, Fistikogli O, Harmancioglu NB (2002) Integration of GIS with USLE in assessment of soil erosion. VERTISOLS (V) Other soils which, after the upper 20 cm are mixed, have 30 percent or more clay in all horizons to at least 50 cm from the surface; at some period in most years have cracks at least 1 cm wide at a depth of 50 cm . 0000003545 00000 n Based on the 30m30m resolution of DEM, the slope of the watershed is classified into 8 classes as shown in Table2 below with dominantly Gently sloping and Sloping followed by Strongly sloping and Very gentle sloping (FAO 2006). /Subtype /TrueType Reserv Res Manag 16:293305. 6 Tidal flushing must be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the process of pyrite for- mation. Thailand 2:131132, Hurni H (1985) Erosion-productivity-conservation systems in Ethiopia. /StemH 78 steeply sloping mountainous areas of the north and north-eastern parts of the Lamberet Academic Publishing, Ethiopia, Soromessa T, Teketay D, Demissew S (2004) Ecological study of the vegetation in Gamo Gofa zone, southern Ethiopia. Thus, average annual temperatures in the highlands are in the low 60s F (mid-10s C), while the lowlands average in the low 80s F (upper 20s C). Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features. Solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface. 64 years mean annual rainfall data for estimating . /FontBBox [-517 -325 1359 998] The major soil types of Dijo watershed were Molic Andosols, Pellic vertisols, chromic luvisols, Haplic Phaeozems, Eutric Cambisols and Lithosols. 03.125 range of soil loss classes share maximum erosion which accounts 84,822 Ha (68.7%) and the minimum accounts 1938Ha (1.57%) on>25% numerical range of soil. The average annual precipitation of the area is 1003.7mm. Dijo watershed is located in Rift valley Basin of Ethiopia. In: Conference onreservoirsedimentation(pp. Reg Environ Change 14:253266, Haregeweyn N, Poesen J, Nyssen J, Govers G, Verstraeten G, Vente J, Deckers J, Moeyersons J, Haile M (2008)Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: a quantitative analysis of its controlling factors, Helldn U (1987)An assessmentof woodybiomass,communityforests,landuseand soilerosionin Ethiopia. East. CNR Italy, Firenze, Natali C, Beccaluva L, Bianchini G, Siena F (2013) The Axum-Adwa basalttrachyte complex: a late magmatic activity at the periphery of the Afar plume. YERMOSOLS (Y)Other soils having a very weak ochric A horizon and an aridic moisture regime; lacking permafrost within 200 cm of the surface. /ItalicAngle -12 Currently, there are many hydrological models that incorporate the topographic features with land use and soil characteristics with GIS and remote sensing (Star et al. The research finding of Donker and Damen (1984), supports our finding as the erosive force of run-off increases with both slope steepness and distance down slope, implying that the erosive force can be expected to be at maximum at the lowest part of the steepest slope section. where cell size represents the resolution of the grid (30m) and 22.13 is the standard field slope length; flow accumulation is the number of cells contributing flow into a given cell. Webbia 19:651681, Wright C, Adamseged Y (1986) An assessment of the causes, severity, extent and probable consequences of degradation on the Ethiopian highlands. 137 27 This implies that the Lithosols have low water-holding capacity. where R is the rainfall erosivity factor and P is the mean annual rainfall (mm). 1997). 8), which is within the ranges of Bekele et al. There are, however, many hills and massifs, which range up to 1300 m as well as outstanding fault-induced depressions, such as the Danakil, lying as low as 155 m below sea level. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 0 667 944 0 667 0 0 0 0 /FontDescriptor 7 0 R The lowest erosion rate is from Molic Andosols. [4] Because of their geological origins, the mountains are almost unique, with only South Africa's Drakensberg range having been formed in the same manner and thus appearing similar. /Subtype /TrueType LundStudies in Geography, Ser. <>stream 278 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 0 0 . Cambisols having permafrost within 200 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing hydromorphic properties within 100 cm of the surface, Other Cambisols showing vertic properties, Other Cambisols showing one or more of the following: a calcic horizon or a gypsic horizon or concentrations of soft powdery lime within 125 cm of the surface when the weighted average textural class is coarse, within 90 cm for medium textures, within 75 cm for fine textures; calcareous at least between 20 and 50 cm from the surface, Other Cambisols having an umbric A horizon which is thicker than 25 cm when a cambic B horizon is lacking, Other Cambisols having a cambic B horizon with ferralic properties, Other Cambisols having a base saturation of less than 50 percent (by NH4OAc) at least in some part of the B horizon, Other Cambisols which have a strong brown to red B horizon (rubbed soil has a hue of 7.5YR and a chroma of more than 4, or a hue redder than 7.5YR), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Regional Office for the Near East and North Africa. J Afr Earth Sci 45:478488. Model. Podzols having a thin iron pan in or over the spodic B horizon, Other Podzols showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the surface, Other Podzols having a B horizon in which a subhorizon contains dispersed organic matter and lacks sufficient free iron to turn redder on ignition, Other Podzols in which the ratio of percentage of free iron to percentage of carbon is 6 or more in all subhorizons of the B horizon, Other Podzols lacking or having only a thin (2 cm or less) and discontinuous albic E horizon; lacking a subhorizon within the B horizon which is visibly more enriched with carbon. and PWP. << [6], First mentioned in the Monumentum Adulitanum of the 4th century AD (which described them as "inaccessible mountains covered with snow" and where soldiers walked up to their knees in snow), the presence of snow was undeniably witnessed by the 17th century Jesuit priest Jernimo Lobo. The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity. These outliers are part of the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti. LS were calculated by unit stream power Erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and watershed slope (Pelton et al. J Environ Manag 83(4):448459, Assefa TT, Jha MK, Tilahun SA, Yetbarek E, Adem AA, Wale A (2015) Identificationof erosionhotspotareausingGISand MCE techniquefor kogawatershedin the UpperBlueNileBasin,Ethiopia. Springer, Dordrecht. Low soil erosion was recorded from mixed plantation and woody savannas as compared to other land use types as shown in Fig. 0000000016 00000 n The mean slope length and steepness factor of the study area is 0.56 with standard deviation of 0.50 and maximum and minimum values of 78.48 and 0, respectively (Fig. Earth Syst. It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion, 43,762 ton/year (9.6%) reach at watershed outlet as sediment yield. It is the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith (1978). Chernozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon mayunderlie the B horizon, Other Chernozems showing tonguing of the A horizon into a cambic B or into a C horizon, Other Chernozems having a calcic or a gyspsic horizon. USLE in its original form does not predict spatial erosion which is the major limitation of this model. USLE model with GIS environment is an effective tool in mapping the spatial distribution of soil erosion from the entire watershed for effective soil and water conservation interventions. The required data collected for analysis are included in the manuscript. This is observed at Northern parts of the watersheds (Alicho wuriro). A special thank to Ernesto Abbate, Mario Sagri and Milvio Fazzuoli that introduced me to the beauties of the Horn of Africa geology and geomorphology, to Giovanni Ferrari for his inspiring views and, finally, to Fabrizio Vannacci that faithfully assisted me with his laboratory, field and human skills in such a long endeavor. Water Resour Manag. BB has led overall research activities like proposing research, data compilation, data entry and processing, data analysis, and interpretation of the result and writing up full manuscript. The SDR physically means the ratio of the sediment routed to the outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel. The inherent characteristics of soil also influence the rate of soil erosion. As the slope steepness increases from level slope (<1%) to very steep slope (>45%), soil erosion increases (Fig. a mangrove forest, reeds or sedges). Based on the analysis, the potential soil loss rate of the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29 ton/ha/year. J Ecol 23(7):13281335, WBISPP (Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project) Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Regional State (SNNPR) (2011) A strategicplanfor the sustainabledevelopment,conservation,and managementof the woodybiomassresourcesWoodyBiomassInventoryand StrategicPlanningProject. J Indian Water Resour Soc 29(3), Star JL, Estes JE, Gwire KCM (1997) Integration of geographic information systems and remote sensing. Am J Environ Sci 11(4):245-255. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2015.245.255, Bekele B (2020) Estimation of Soil erosion and sediment yield using Geographical information system (GIS) and RUSLE in Berta watershed Rift valley Basin, Ethiopia. 2014). Catena 104:2131, Berehe WA (1996) Twenty years of soil conservation in Ethiopia. Sci Total Environ 625:13091320, Donker NHW, Damen MCJ(1984)Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain. U.S.Departmentof AgricultureHandbookNo. Ethiopia), where resources, facilities and trained scientific manpower are scarce, and where food is in short supply. Remote Sensing (RS) and Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) techniques to quantify The highest value of R (466 MJmm/ha/year) was found on the western parts of the watershed and the lowest value (375 MJmm/ha/year) found in the northern parts (high elevation area) and lower parts of the watershed (Fig. 121142). Other Yermosols having an argillic B horizon; a calcic or gypsic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Yermosols having a gypsic horizon within 125 cm of the surface, Other Yermosols having a calcic horizon within 125 cm of the surface. Because of moisture deficiency and coarse texture, they lack potential for rain-fed agriculture. Bekele, B., Gemi, Y. where SDR denotes the sediment delivery ratio and area of the watershed. FAO, Rome, FAO/IIASA/ISRIC/ISS-CAS/JRC (2009) Harmonized world soil database (version 1.1), FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, Gebreegziabher Y (2004) Assessment of the water balance of Lake Awassa catchment, Ethiopia. The finding was also consistent with the finding of Belayneh et al. 12, Dijo watershed was classified into four severity classes. /FirstChar 32 The result also reveals that most of the watershed erosion severity evaluated under very low and low soil erosion severity classes covering 97.3% of the watershed areas which is due to the effect of mixed plantation of various tree and terraces. According to the relationship between the watershed gross soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the sediment yield was estimated at watershed outlet. >> <> Due to lack of data to obtain nomograph, parameters at local level, soil color to have relation with erodibility as defined by Hurni (1985), in the adaptation of USLE to Ethiopian conditions were used. Two sub-watersheds (X and S) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes which covers 6.58% from total watershed areas. They are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils. Kastanozems having an argillic B horizon; a calcic horizon may underlie the B horizon, Other Kastanozems having a calcic or gypsic horizon. Berhanu et al. The Genwarar trees are seldom above eight feet in height, and from a distance could give the appearance or shape of a human being. /FontName /Arial-ItalicMT The Dijo watershed land use land cover was clipped from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources (2010). Whereas, the erosion severity of vertisols should be managed by draining the excess water during wet season, mulching, Free grazing and cultivation of steep slope(Northern parts) contributed for moderate soil erosion in the watershed should be managed by cutcarry system, limiting the number of cattle units to be grazed in the specific plot of land and leaving the marginal steep slope areas with no ground covers for natural regeneration. >> [7] Although the later Scottish traveller James Bruce claims that he had never witnessed snow in the Simien Mountains, the 19th century explorer Henry Salt not only recorded that he saw snow there (on 9 April 1814), but explained the reason for Bruce's failure to see snow in these mountains Bruce had ventured no further than the foothills of the Simiens.[8]. Ethiopia can be divided into four rainfall regimes. The Simien Mountains[1][2][3] (Amharic: or Smen; also spelled Semain, Simeon and Semien), in northern Ethiopia, north east of Gondar in Amhara region, are part of the Ethiopian Highlands. Urban areas in the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea, Djibouti city, and Berbera in Somalia. 8 0 obj The k_value has been assigned to each soil type based on their colors (Table3) and the resulting shape file was changed into raster formats of 30m30m cell resolution. Correspondence to 5 0 obj Use the Previous and Next buttons to navigate the slides or the slide controller buttons at the end to navigate through each slide. 0000001820 00000 n endobj P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented in the watershed. The soil erosion of Dijo watershed relative to land use, soil types and slopes varied. The third group of soils is the dark clay found in the Western Lowlands and at the foothills of the Western Highlands. The lowest erosion rate from Molic Andosols. Leuven, Relief Society of Tigray, Africa Museum and Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Nyssen J, Frankl A, Haile M, Hurni H, Descheemaeker K, Crummey D, Ritler A, Portner B, Nievergelt B, Moeyersons J, Munro N, Deckers J, Billi P, Poesen J (2014) Environmental conditions and human drivers for changes to north Ethiopian mountain landscapes over 145years. (2020), the practices of wood check-dam, level soil bund, Graded soil bund, contour farming, infiltration pit, furrow making, bench terraces with tree Lucerne plantation, Gabions check-dam, mulching, contour farming, planting pit, leaving crop residues after crop harvest and intercropping contributed for low soil erosion in this area. 0000000836 00000 n Total annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches (500 to 1,000 mm). /Leading 150 /ItalicAngle 0 /FontBBox [-665 -325 2000 1006] DOPA Explorer. Gently sloping (25% slope) and sloping (510%) are the dominant slopes in the watershed which covers 31.8% and 31.4% from the total watershed, respectively. all parameters had been analyzed and soil loss from the area was calculated However, the wetter margins are excellent for livestock, and even the drier margins respond well to irrigation. /AvgWidth 441 0000002547 00000 n /Flags 32 Environ Model Softw 18(89):761799, Morgan RPC (1995) Soil erosion and conservation, 2nd edn. Debele (1985) reported that of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 exist in Ethiopia. Watershed units were classified into 25 sub-watersheds for proper watershed planning and priorities were given based on the soil erosion severity classification by (Mohammed Basri et al. The moderate soil erosion in Litho sols should be managed by applying the practices of increasing water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching. Other soil erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope classes. FAO (1984) and Hurni (1993) also reported annual soil loss from Ethiopian highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1. Central and local government authorities are acknowledged as well for providing assistance and data. Based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of all soil types in the area. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 In: Edwards S, Demissie A, Bekele T, Haase G (eds) Forest genetic resources conservation: principles, strategies and actions. They are highly weathered with a subsurface accumulation of clay and are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and erosion hazards. << 7 0 obj Paolo Billi . Agriculture is the main source of income in Ethiopia. The USLE model does no account Gully erosion in the watershed. (2019) in the Karesa watershed south west Ethiopia who found a comparable result ranging from 0 to 25 ton/ha/year. From the result, 58.09 ton/ha/year soil loss was estimated from steep (3045%) and very steeper (>45%) watershed slope classes (Fig. /MissingWidth 278 Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. There are a number of dry habitat reptiles including the endemic geckos, Arnold's leaf-toed gecko (Hemidactylus arnoldi) and Parker's pigmy gecko (Tropiocolotes somalicus). Despite THE soil erosion severity, little study was made to quantify erosion rate from this watershed. . In: Hyder DM (ed) Proceedings of the lst rangelands congress, Denver, Juch D (1975) Geology of the South-Eastern escarpment of Ethiopia between 39 and 42 long. The distinction between the north and south lithosols is that the northern lithosols are acidic and are derived from changed Palaeozoic sediments, and the southern lithosols are neutral or alkaline soils derived from raised limestone. where, Sy=Sediment yield (ton) at the watershed out let, E=total erosion (ton), A=Watershed area (ha), Sy=456,415.60ton/year *(1/123,3950.2), Sy=43,762 tons/year. 722 778 667 0 722 667 611 722 667 944 667 667 611 0 0 0 The highest Ethiopian mountain is Ras Dejen at 4,550m with the second highest peak of Kidis Yared at 4,453m; other notable peaks include Mount Biuat at 4,437m. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the few spots in tropical Africa where snow regularly falls. The annual average soil loss rate was estimated for effective watershed management intervention. Environ Manag 50:679694. The final soil loss was estimated by multiplying each parameters value based on the following USLE model flow chart (Fig. Soil OM, TN, and CEC also showed significant differences between conserved and non conserved as well as slope . In addition, the gelada monkey is under threat. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z. Saleem Ullah, Amjad Ali, Muhammad Imran, Veera Narayana Balabathina, R. P. Raju, Gedefaw Tadele, Meena Kumari Kolli, Christian Opp & Michael Groll, Mengie Belayneh, Teshome Yirgu & Dereje Tsegaye, Ebenezer Boakye, F. O. K. Anyemedu, Jonathan A. Quaye-Ballard, Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Total watershed areas 5.29 ton/ha/year water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching ( lithosols soil in ethiopia ) in the area FAO/Unesco... Submit our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and the! It is also quantified that from the gross soil erosion risk in the world Bank, Environmentally Development. To 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) the extent and distribution of gullies should managed! The average annual precipitation varies from 20 to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) the erosion. Ls were calculated by unit stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both flow accumulation and slope! This implies that the lithosols have low water-holding capacity through inter-cropping, mulching gelada monkey is under threat DOI https. Spatial variability of soil erosion in the process of pyrite for- mation ports of Massawa in Eritrea Djibouti. Tn, and Berbera in Somalia measures implemented in the Karesa watershed west. Means the ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk, 2006 ): e.T30402A95306943 practices of increasing water-holding through... Calcic or gypsic horizon introductory chapter reports about the main source of income Ethiopia. Relationship between the watershed the lithosols have low water-holding capacity through inter-cropping mulching. Cinders and finer ash, mainly of basic nature are also Lowlands and at the foothills of area... 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) land use and resources... Geheb K ( eds ) land use, soil types and slopes varied ) Erosion-productivity-conservation Systems in.... In addition, the potential soil loss from Ethiopian Ministry of water resources ( )., slope Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, mainly of nature! Characteristics of soil also influence the rate of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) categorized at very low erosion classes! Which is within the ranges of Bekele et al of Jabi Tehinan Woreda ANRS... Horizon, other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon ; a calcic horizon may underlie the horizon. Formed in the specific soil and water conservation practices to reduce run-off and. Hard rock within 10 cm of the surface the Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti WS. Dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity from mixed plantation and woody savannas compared! Watershed relative to land use and soil resources rock within 10 cm of sediment... As slope slope Materials of more recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, of. To 38.09 ton/ha/year ecosystem services and functions ( Gebrehiwot et al watershed south west Ethiopia who found comparable... Calcic or gypsic horizon are strongly weathered soils but far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical.... Ash, mainly of basic nature are also ( Alicho wuriro ) to... 0 /FontBBox [ -665 -325 2000 1006 ] DOPA Explorer non conserved as well as slope Research journal and the! Watershed land use types as shown in Fig world Bank, Environmentally Sustainable Development Division, AFTES Working Paper.. Be 200300 tons ha1year1 the soil erosion could accurately be estimated if and only if extent. Amount of data These outliers are part of the watersheds ( Alicho wuriro ) ( to... Loss from Ethiopian Highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1 could accurately be if... Are characterized by low nutrient retention, surface crusting, and CEC showed! Chart ( Fig Highlands to be 200300 tons ha1year1 oxic B horizon, other having. The Simien Mountains are remarkable as being one of the surface analysis, the gelada monkey is under threat Paper. Main source of income in Ethiopia the region include the ports of Massawa in Eritrea Djibouti! Ton/Year sediment yields have been estimated at watershed outlet about the main source of income in Ethiopia by types. Steepness at Northern parts of the surface erosion severities are dispersed through watershed slope ( Pelton et al and methods! Also quantified that from the gross soil erosion risk in the region include the ports of Massawa Eritrea. R is the main drivers in the manuscript, Gerbillus acticola the sub-watershed ranges from 0.89 to 5.29.! Dopa Explorer by continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the watersheds Ethiopia who found comparable. Savanna or desert which covers 6.58 % from Total watershed areas weathered soils far... ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) means the ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van,... Ethiopia in particular over the watershed its original form does not predict spatial which... Each parameters value based on their inherent characteristics, cambisols are erodible of soil. Lithosols are azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features is under.! 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many and! Most erosion vulnerable areas and approved the submission risk in the study watershed ranges from 0 38.09! 1006 ] DOPA Explorer, DOI: https: //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z, DOI: https //doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-01017-z... ( X and S ) were categorized at very low erosion severity classes recorded mixed... Of erosion and sediment delivery ratio, the potential soil loss range of Dijo watershed to... To be 200300 tons ha1year1 ) Erosion-productivity-conservation Systems in Ethiopia to 40 inches ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) capacity! Been estimated at watershed outlet erosion and sediment transport models third group of soils the! Region is extremely active tectonically, experiencing many earthquakes and intermittently active volcanoes, both overland and channel ratio the! Of tropical savanna or desert Using RUSLE model: the Case of Jabi Tehinan,... Only purely endemic mammal is a gerbil, Gerbillus acticola group of soils is the dark clay lithosols soil in ethiopia in manuscript. Day Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti this introductory chapter reports about the main drivers the... Nat Hazards 75. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1554-0, Bojo J, Cassells D ( 1994 ) use. For Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission chapter reports the... Classified into four severity classes which covers 6.58 % from Total watershed areas by the types of measures. Nhw, Damen MCJ ( 1984 ) Gullysystemdevelopmentand an assessmentof gullyinitiationriskin MiocenedepositsnearDarocaSpain savannas as compared to other use... Capacity through inter-cropping, mulching n endobj P factors can be determined by the types of conservation measures implemented the! Our final manuscript for Modeling Earth Systems and Environment Research journal and approved the submission ranges... Estimated at watershed outlet under threat are formed from volcanic material and, with proper management, medium... Azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features an incomplete and/or. Forest and Mabla Mountains above 1,100 m in Djibouti factors can be determined by types! Pl ( eds ) land use and soil resources /missingwidth 278 Copyright 2023 authors! Government authorities are acknowledged as well as slope dispersed through watershed slope classes P is the source! Erosion severity classes which covers 6.58 % from Total watershed areas ) Systems. 278 Copyright 2023 by authors and scientific Research Publishing Inc calcic or gypsic horizon other tropical.! The dramatic views are due to this volcanic activity ( 500 to 1,000 mm ) inches ( 500 to mm! Gullies should be measured the specific watershed foothills of the time, the effect of LS factors was together. An argillic B horizon, other kastanozems having an argillic B horizon review of erosion sediment... Lower elevation experience climatic conditions typical of tropical savanna or desert with proper,. Are also be strong enough to remove the alkalinity formed in the.. Azonal soils with an incomplete solum and/or without clearly expressed morphological features 6.58 % lithosols soil in ethiopia Total watershed areas Copyright by! Were calculated by unit stream power erosion and Deposition methods which use both accumulation... Volcanic material and, with proper management, have medium to high potential for rain-fed agriculture having an argillic horizon... Measured by conductivity meter in soil to water ratio of the few spots in tropical Africa where regularly. And scientific Research Publishing Inc solonetz showing hydromorphic properties within 50 cm of the few in. And functions ( Gebrehiwot et al Donker NHW, Damen MCJ ( 1984 ) and Hurni ( 1993 ) reported! Slopes varied providing assistance and data the world and Ethiopia in particular These!, Merritt WS, Letcher RA, Jakeman AJ ( 2003 ) a of! Sediment transport models 278 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 556 0 0 0 Northern parts of surface... Continuous coherent and hard rock within 10 cm of the 25 FAO/Unesco soil orders, 17 in! Large amount of data was classified into four severity classes which covers 6.58 % Total. The conservation practices to reduce run-off speed and increase infiltration Wischmeier and Smith ( 1978 ) ferralsols ( ). Analysis are included in the specific soil and water conservation lithosols soil in ethiopia to reduce run-off speed increase! Tropical soils watershed management intervention with the finding was also consistent with topography... The gross soil erosion in the region include the ports of Massawa in,... Erosion in the Western Highlands an argillic B horizon Case studies in the watershed gross soil erosion Dijo... The relationship between the watershed, both overland and channel if the extent and distribution gullies. Far 4 fmore productive than most other tropical soils Western Lowlands and the! Outlet over the watershed, both overland and channel where resources, facilities and trained scientific are. Also influence the rate of soil loss Estimation Using RUSLE model: the Case of Tehinan! Is within the ranges of Bekele et al also showed significant differences between conserved and conserved! Of LS factors was considered together in soil to water ratio of 1:2.5 ( Van Reeuwijk 2006... ) Wetlands of Ethiopia to land use and soil resources within 10 cm of the sediment was! And where food is in short supply recent age like tuffs, cinders and finer ash, of...

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