Ethnomusicology 26(1982): Matusky, Patricia. [26] These differences could sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the modes and styles within it a bit confounding. Kulintang music is a tradtional gong based musical form originating in the Southern Philippines and Indonesia." kulintang stock pictures, royalty-free photos & images [2] Called apad, these renditions mimic the normal speaking tones of the Maguindanao language, creating a specific message or, through the use of double entendre, a social commentary understood by nearly any adult native Maguindanao speaker. The makeup of kulintang ensembles throughout the region varies between the various cultural groups. [3] Molten bronze is poured into the mouth of the hardened mold, cooled to a certain temperature, and then the mold is broken apart, revealing a new gong. This enhanced its popularity among students from all over the country. [39] Recent attempts have been made to transcribe the music using cipher notation, with gongs indicated by a numbering system for example, starting from 1 to 8 with the lowest gong starting at number 1 for an eight gong kulintang set. The frame can be crude, made from simple bamboo/wooden poles, or it can be highly decorated and rich with traditional okil/okir motifs or arabesque designs. This is an example of kamamatuan style of the Maguindanao. is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums. Kulintang music is considered an ancient tradition that predates the influences of Islam, Christianity, and the West. [31] Traditionally they were made from bronze but due to the disruption and loss of trade routes between the islands of Borneo and Mindanao during World War II, resulting in loss of access to necessary metal ores, and the subsequent post-war use of scrap metal, brass gongs with shorter decaying tones are now commonplace. Kulintang. (2020) History, development and influence of kulintang music to the cultural heritage (adat-betad) of Maguindanaon. The new double CD Kulintang Kultura: Danongan Kalanduyan and Gong Music of the Philippine Diaspora produced by Smithsonian Folkways is a musical celebration of cultural diversity in the United States. "Maranao Kolintang Music and Its Journey in America.". [50][51], Two dancers and a group of musicians of Kulintang in Buru Regency, Maluku, Indonesia. Kulintang-like instruments are played by the Maguindanaon; the Maranao, Iranun, Kalagan, Kalibugan, Tboli, Blaan, Subanon, and other Lumad tribes of Mindanao, the Tausug, Sama-Bajau, Yakan and the Sangir/Sangil of the Sulu archipelago; the Ambon, Banda, Seram, Ternate, Tidore, and Kei of Maluku; and the Bajau, Suluk, Murut,[23] Kadazan-Dusun, Kadayah and Paitanic Peoples of Sabah, the Malays of Brunei, the Bidayuh and Iban/Sea Dayak of Sarawak, the Bolaang Mongondow and Kailinese/Toli-Toli of Sulawesi and other groups in Banjarmasin and Tanjung[24] in Kalimantan and Timor. SAN FRANCISCO - The father of Filipino American kulintang music, Danongan Sibay Kalanduyan, passed away on September 28, 2016. . [27] Traditionally, unmarried daughters were kept in a special chamber in the attic called a lamin, off-limit to visitors and suitors. Cadar, Usopay H., and Robert Garfias. Traditionally, when performers play kulintang music, their participation is voluntary. However, the historiographical discussion on kulintang repertoire was increased by several papers appeared in the especial issue edited in 1996 by the journal Asian Music.In this special issue Kulintang/Kolintang Music [11] two main traditions where studied in . [6] If a player simply imitated a preceding player, playing patterns without any improvisation, the audience members would believe her to be repetitious and mundane. [35] In fact, though the Maguindanao, Maranao and Tausug artists technically have no concept of scale (because emphasis placed on the concept of rhythmic modes), the Pelog and Slendro scales of Java were found to be most satisfactory to their own varying pentatonic/heptatonic scales. Oellana, Dionisio, and Efren Endriga. The groundwork for this Renaissance originated as early as 1978 through the work of one of the early cultural pioneers and activists amongst Filipino Americans, Robert Kikuchi-Yngojo. Because kulintang-like ensembles extended over various groups with various languages, the term used for the horizontal set of gongs varied widely. Among the numerous musical genres that . The instrument Agung is a set of wide-rimmed . Country of origin also determines eligibility for special duties or free trade agreements. On a sheet of paper, make a Venn Diagram that can describe both musical ensembles. Nha Nhac, meaning "elegant music", refers to a broad range of musical and dance styles performed at the Vietnamese royal court from the fifteenth to the mid-twentieth century. together with the kulintang and other gongs. For other Southern Philippine groups, the babendil is called bandil, babendil . Further, she emphasized the improvisational aspect of performing on the kulintang. [19] Not only do the players play, but audience members are also expected to participate. . 27, No. Use them in commercial designs under lifetime, perpetual & worldwide rights. [19] This common contour results in similar interval relationships of more or less equidistant steps between each of the gongs. Country of manufacturer as determined according to preset rules like value add rules, tariff shift or transformational process. [31], The kulintang players ability to improvise within the parameters of a rhythmic mode is essential. This page was last edited on 5 November 2020, at 23:58. Maceda, Jose. It is also called kolintang, kolintan, kulintangan,[9] kwintangan, klintang, gong sembilan, gong duablas, momo, totobuang, nekara,[10] engkromong, kromong/enkromong and recently, kakula/kakula nuada. [4], The instrument called the kulintang (or its other derivative terms) consists of a row/set of 5 to 9 graduated pot gongs, laid horizontally upon a frame and arranged in order of pitch, with the lowest gong on the players left. It was his dedication in the early 80's that created the cultural awareness in the Fil-Am community of San Franccisco that sparked a cultural movement. Kulintang is the (percussion) gong musical instrument of Mindanao, Philippines. Edward M. Frame, "The Musical Instruments of Sabah, Malaysia. [10] Kolintang sets of bossed kettle gongs were played in Gorontalo, North Sulawesi long ago, but that traditiona has all but disappeared, replaced by what locals are presently familiar with, a slab-key instrument known as a kolintang.[31] The fact that some areas were able to keep kulintang tradition alive during European colonization has caused kulintang to be aptly termed, the music of resistance., Today, the existence of kulintang music is threatened by the influence of globalization, and the introduction of Western and foreign ideals into the region. 2019Adsone Matthew Mitty Gabu Gabu10.35631/ijham.25007International Journal of Heritage, Art and Multimedia. [3] It is probable that the earliest gongs used among the indigenous populace had no recreational value, but were simply used for making signals and sending messages.[1]. First, standardized titles weren't considered a priority. 4. [46] The Maranao on the other hand have only three typical genresKapromayas/Romayas, Kapagonor/Onor, and Katitik Pandai/Kapaginandang. [8] Genres under this classification have faster tempos with an emphasis on power and speed, are highly rhythmic and pulsating, and contain a great deal of improvisation employing different rhythmic and melodic formulas not used with old patterns. Kulintang Percussionist 1 "San Pedro, USA - September 8, 2007: Performers from ""Pakaraguian Kulintang Ensemble"" at the 16th Annual Festival of Philippine Arts & Culture (FPAC). 123130. [19] An additional surprise came after a decade-long series of American-based kulintang students traveled to Mindanao to perform, sparking a kulintang renaissance in the Philippines. The kulintang, thought to have been brought from China in the third century . Also common in other Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei, the kulintang is a traditional Filipino instrument composed of eight bronze gongs sitting in a row, each with different pitches. The gong is then refined, cleaned, and properly identified by the blacksmith (pandy). ", Patricia Matusky, "An Introduction to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay Music. Kiefer, Thomas M.. Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslem of the Southern Philippines. To India, in fact! [38] This tuning system, not based upon equal temperament or upon a system of standard pitches but on a similar/certain pattern of large and small intervals, could also be found among the gamelan orchestras of western Indonesia. [32], The kulintang is played by striking the bosses of the gongs with two wooden beaters. In fact, the most well known contemporary players of the kulintang are men. It also refers to a guitar-plucking style which was dubbed as the most melodic and beautiful sounding guitar styles amongst the . The Maguindanaon is known for his mastery of the indigenous kutyapi instrument. [16], Kulintang music was also crucial in relation to courtships[44] due to the very nature of Islamic custom, which did not allow for unmarried men and women to intermingle. Formal performances follow a traditional set of rules that govern playing, and usually involve people from outside the home. Based on the etymology, two routes have been proposed as the route by which the kulintang arrived in Mindanao. One theory suggest that the bronze gong had an ancient history in Southeast Asia, arriving in the Indonesian archipelago two or even three thousand years ago, making its way to the Philippines from China in the third century AD. A pair of shoes manufactured in China might sell in the United States. Tag Archives: trance An Environmental Experience: Electric Kulintang at The Atrium. Improvisation is an essential aspect of kulintang music. Manila Bulletin USA: Kababayan Ed. Mercurio, Philip Dominguez. ed. Blair, Emma, and James Robertson. [16] Finally, the gongs are refined using the tongkol process, tuning these either by hammering the boss from the inside to slightly raise its pitch, or by hammering the boss from the outside to lower the pitch. This is clearly seen in the Tausug Sinug and Yakan Tini-id and Kuriri compositions where this sort of jousting becomes a game of skill and virtuoso playing.[12]. [41] Therefore, the kulintang player functions not only as the one carrying the melody, but also as the conductor of the entire ensemble. Guide to Agung. [36] Sets of five bronze gong-chimes and a gong, which make up the totobuang ensembles of Buru island in Central Maluku, have also come into disuse. [22] Kolintang sets of bossed kettle gongs were once played in Gorontalo, North Sulawesi long ago but that has all but disappeared, replaced by what locals are presently familiar witha slab-key instrument known as a kolintang. In 1968, at the University of the Philippines, eminent ethnomusicologist Professor Jos Maceda ushered in a new interest in kulintang music with the kulintang Master, Aga Mayo Butocan. Country that owns the technology behind the product. "Music from the Tausug of Sulu: Moslems of the Southern Philippines." Dance Philippines folk dances including Tinikling and Cariosa. Though these melodies vary even within groups, one theme which characterizes the sulu-type is the exchange of short melodic phrases between the kulintangan and the agungs, where both instruments imitate and duplicate each others rhythms very quickly. . Ann Harbor, MI: University of Michigan, 2005. Hornbostel-Sachs instrument classification system was created by Erich Moritz von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs. "Reviewed Work: Sama de Sitangkai by Alan Martenot and Jose Maceda. [2], Kulintang music is also used to accompany healing ceremonies, rituals (pagipat), and animistic religious ceremonies. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., Inc, 1940. This chapter is the story of the meeting of various cultures which for purposes of typology is dubbed in this work as the originals referring to the indigenous [17] These performances usually were times when amateurs practiced on the instruments, young boys and girls gathered the instruments, substituting the kulintang with the saronay and inubab. [22], As ancient as this music is, there has never been substantial data recorded regarding the kulintang's origins. My Kulintang journey began in 2012, during which I heard more kulintang music over a short period of time than I'd heard during 26 years of living in Manila. The main role of kulintang music in the community is as nonprofessional, social entertainment at feasts, festive and harvest gatherings, parades, weddings and ceremonies marking the return of pilgrimages to Mecca. The kulintang gong itself is believed to be have been one of the foreign musical elements incorporated into kulintang music, derived from the Sundanese kolenang to which it bears striking similarities. [42], The main purpose for kulintang music in the community is to function as social entertainment at a professional, folk level. Technically, kulintang is the Ternate, Mollucas, Maguindanaon, Lumad and Timor term for the idiophone of metal gong kettles which are laid horizontally upon a rack to create an entire kulintang set. Kulintang (Indonesian: kolintang, Malay: kulintangan) is a modern term for an ancient instrumental form of music composed on a row of small, horizontally laid gongs that function melodically, accompanied by larger, suspended gongs and drums.As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern . Calculintang, Gulingtangan, Kolintang, Kulintangan, This page was last edited on 19 February 2023, at 09:31. The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for such things as improvisations to be more prevalent.[12]. With Ismael Ahmad, Makapeges Baginda, Alibay Bano, Makpeni Bano. [26] This music is unique in that it is considered public music; members of the audience are also expected to participate. Kulintang music has no set compositions due to its concept of rhythmic modes. [41] By adding together the various rhythms of each instrument, one could create music and by changing one of the rhythms, one could create different music. A kulintang may be composed of eight gongs disposed in a row over a . 2. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. ", Scholz, Scott. [19] Traditionally the Maguindanao term for the entire ensemble is basalen or palabunibunyan, the latter term meaning an ensemble of loud instruments or music-making or in this case music-making using a kulintang.[20], Kulintang belongs to the larger unit/stratum of knobbed gong-chime culture prevalent in Southeast Asia. [5] The wax mold is covered with a special mixture of finely powdered coal/mud, which is applied on the wax surface using a brush. What are the musical . Both Kalanduyan and Cadar have been impressed that so many people lacking Maguindanaon or Maranao background, and some who are not even Filipino, have become dedicated students and supporters of their cultural heritage. As part of the larger gong-chime culture of Southeast Asia, kulintang music ensembles have been playing for many centuries in regions of the Eastern Indonesia, Southern Philippines, Eastern Malaysia, Brunei and Timor,[15] Kulintang evolved from a simple native signaling tradition, and developed into its present form with the incorporation of knobbed gongs from Sundanese people in Java Island, Indonesia. The Tausug have three identifiable compositionskuriri, sinug, and lubak-lubak; the Yakan have twotini-id and kuriri; and the Dusan have threeayas, kudidi and tidung. ", Matusky, Patricia. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. An overview of the music-cultures of the province of Maluku. [26] The combination of the various rhythms of each instrument creates music, and a change in one of the rhythms, alters the music and produces a different composition. [32] These styles are usually played after all kamamatuan pieces have been played, to give younger musicians the opportunity to participate. We know that there are over 7,000 islands in the Philippines. The layers are then left to dry under the sun, after which the entire mold is heated in a furnace to melt away the wax and harden the coal and mud mixture, leaving behind a hollowed shell. Due to the Islamic custom which did not allow unmarried men and women to intermingle[24], Kulintang music also played a crucial role in courtships[30] as a rare, socially approved vehicle for interaction among the sexes. The word "kaplogo," from logo (sound), refers to the vocal music repertoire classified according to the themes or subjects and the manner in which these . Like the other two, kulintang music is primarily orchestral, with several rhythmic parts stacked one upon another in a prescribed order. The extent of kulintang tradition in the Philippines, particularly in the Northern and Central islands of the Luzon and Visayas, will never be fully known due to the harsh realities of three hundred years of Spanish colonization. It is a single musical instrument composed of 7-8 gongs laid horizontally on a stand. Kulintang music and Spanish liturgical music are two distinct musical traditions from the influences of extremely different cultures.. During the pre-colonial period, Filipinos already had rich musical traditions. As an impressionable 1 -year-old, I d eveloped a sense of pride and awareness of my Philippine heritage learning diverse genres of Philippines music and dances with the Samahan Filipino American Performing Arts and Education Center. It is considered taboo to step or cross over the antangan while the kulintang gongs are placed on it. Yup, that's how diverse the country is. Cadar, Usopay Hamdag (1971). Among Primitive Peoples in Borneo. ", Terada, Yoshitaka. It has several names that vary depending on the region, such as babendir in Maguindanao, and Babndir for the Maranao people. [4] The wax mold is covered with a special mixture of finely-powdered coal and mud, which is applied on the wax surface using a brush. . [25] Traditionally, the playing of the kulintang was associated with the graceful, slow, frail and relaxed movements that commonly represented elegance and decorum among females. Listen to music by Kulintang on Apple Music. . The framework of kulintang music is more flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for more improvisation and greater variety of composition.[3]. The players play, but audience members are also expected to participate it is a single musical instrument composed eight... Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay music audience members are also expected to participate United States kulintang throughout... 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Norton & Co., Inc, 1940 be composed 7-8! Enhanced its popularity among students from all over the antangan while the kulintang ability! Rituals ( pagipat ), and the West from the Tausug of Sulu: of! More flexible and time intervals are nonexistent, allowing for more improvisation and greater variety composition... Makeup of kulintang music to the Major Instruments and Forms of Traditional Malay music first, standardized titles were considered! Govern playing, and animistic religious ceremonies sometimes make discussing this repertoire and the West 2023 at! More or less equidistant steps between each of the kulintang players ability to improvise within the parameters of rhythmic... After all kamamatuan pieces have been brought from China in the Philippines. in Maguindanao, and properly identified the. The parameters of a rhythmic mode is essential influences of Islam, Christianity and... 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