But he's haunted by what happened to him at Edgewood. "We did volunteer," Paul said. From 1955 to 1975, the Army conducted chemical weapons testing on volunteer soldiers at the Edgewood Arsenal facility in Maryland in pursuit of an agent that could disable enemy troops on the field of battle without killing them. But Bollinger says he wouldn't go back to the agency after the way he was treated there. The heart of the film is interviews with a group of veterans who participated in the testing program, mostly during the Vietnam War era. It wasn't the real me there," Paul said. In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. From 1955 to 1975, the U.S. Army Chemical Corps conducted classified medical studies at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets". "The word got around they were looking for volunteers for testing," Paul said. "Weekends off and relaxing that's why I took it," Paul remembered. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its treatment and prevention. Officials say they can't explain why the benefits weren't granted sooner. Sometimes, he has trouble swallowing. While early experiments with marijuana and LSD get plenty of discussion, much of the long-term damage seems to result from experimentation with the powerful incapacitating agent 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate, commonly known as BZ. The Edgewood Arsenal human experiments took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratorieswhich is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (USAMRICD)at the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. After NPR's inquiry, the VA told NPR there was enough evidence to grant his claims. [The VA] has made it a priority to identify all service members exposed to chemical and biological substances. Nine workers, of whom eight were African-American, were killed in the . Case No. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual afflictions of war. This includes receiving medicines or vaccines under the Armys investigational drug review. In secret chemical weapons experiments conducted during World War II, the U.S. military exposed thousands of American troops to mustard gas. Hancock said the class action lawsuit led to nearly 10 years of litigation. Credit: Edgewood Arsenal. He blames his time at Edgewood for all this, and he has joined a lawsuit on behalf of Edgewood veterans seeking medical benefits from the Department of Veterans Affairs. Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8. A Warner Bros. My phone calls were always returned quickly and all of my questions were answered in a thorough manner. The action is related to a 2009 lawsuit filed by VVA, an Army spokesperson confirmed to Army Times. Medications cost $2,000 a month, which he was paying for out of pocket. Watching soldiers suffer through delirium and panic attacks while older survivors describe their experiences makes for powerful viewing. The MRVP was also driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques. But Goss says that excuse is at the core of all that is dysfunctional in Washington bureaucracies. "That's me" he said pointing to a younger version of himself. [13] Some additional information in the section cited from the Course was based on a 1993 IOM study, Veterans at Risk: Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite. Some gave up out of frustration. Paul was serving at Fort Bliss in Texas in 1968, when he volunteered for what he thought would be an easy assignment. 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"Health Effects from Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Weapons", Vol. A lot of chemicals were referred to as agent one or agent two., Some weeks, he would undergo one test; other weeks, more, Josephs said. Rep., at 411.[5])[20]. According to CNN, declassified government documents indicated the men were exposed to incapacitating drugs like BZ; or to sarin, an extremely toxic, potentially deadly substance that disrupts the nervous system; or to VX, a liquid neurotoxin considered one of the most dangerous chemicals created. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. 2. Mr. Zekowski is always on top of his game. Attention A T users. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects", Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2016), "United States v. Stanley, 483 US 669 - Supreme Court 1987", "Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency", "THE HUMAN ASSESSMENT OF EA 1729 AND EA 3528 BY THE INHALATION ROUTE", "Assessment of Potential Long Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances", "King's Collections: Archive Catalogues: Military Archives", "Operation Delirium: Decades after a risky Cold War experiment, a scientist lives with secrets". NPR Photo Editor Ariel Zambelich and reporters Christopher Groskopf, Jani Actman and Lydia Emmanouilidou also contributed to this story. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets". [17], The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the Institute of Medicine mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". For more information, fill out our online contact form or call 1-800-YOURLAWYER (1-800-968-7529). Whether you're looking for news and entertainment, thinking of joining the military or keeping up with military life and benefits, Military.com has you covered. In some cases, soldiers involved in these experiments were exposed to multiple chemical and biological agents, including incapacitating drugs and toxic substances. This being said, also my son's father was exposed to Agent Orange in Vietnam. This program involved testing nerve agents, nerve agent antidotes, psycho chemicals, and irritants. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 19821985, Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents.[16]. Thus, between 1950 and 1975, about 6,720 soldiers took part in experiments involving exposures to 254 different chemicals, conducted at U.S. Army Laboratories at Edgewood Arsenal, MD (NRC 1982, NRC 1984, NAS 1993). CampBell's Complaint says that after execution of the real estate contract between McGill and the Abrahams, "on October 27, 2020, Sherry Abraham, acting as an Edgewood Town Councilor, filed an Emergency Motion to Intervene in the McGill lawsuit (D-101-CV-2020-00328).". Nashville veteran Dennis Paul, 79, discussed his experience in the program with NewsChannel 5 Investigates, saying he it impacted him long after he left the Army. Thank you. The idea was they would test new Army field jackets, clothing, weapons and things of that nature, but no mention of drugs or chemicals.. But until NPR inquired about his case, all of those claims had been denied. Documents reveal after getting BZ, Paul was put in temperatures of 105 degrees then 125 degrees for up to seven hours, to see if the drug impacted the way soldiers sweated. The ruling came on a class-action lawsuit filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans over medical care for troops who participated in research programs at. Edgewood Arsenal was a classified US army facility in Maryland where recruits were subjected to sarin, VX, teargas, LSD and PCP. The National Academy of Sciences, which oversees the IOM, sent a questionnaire to all of the former volunteers that could be located, approximately 60% of the total. This incapacitating agent would be dispersed by standard munitions, and the agent would enter the building through all nonprotected openings, the films narrator boasts. Tim clearly had adverse health effects because they gave him such high doses that he ranged from overdose with one substance to the antidote, back and forth, and he actually had to get a very powerful antipsychotic drug because, in the vernacular, he flipped out.. From Edgewood, Josephs said he went to an Army installation in Georgia, where he experienced tremors so severe, he had to be admitted to the base hospital and given muscle relaxers. "I'm sorry," Flohr says. hide caption. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. Each year more of their stories die with them. BTS will be on hiatus until all seven members complete their mandatory military service in South Korea. He filed a federal lawsuit for compensation in 1979, but was unsuccessful because of a legal doctrine that protects the military from being sued for service-related injuries. Yet in just two months, an NPR research librarian located more than 1,200 of them, using the VA's own list of test subjects and public records. APG-EA continued to hurt soldiers ways after the human experiments and should be considered also. This is Part 2 of a two-part investigation on mustard gas testing conducted by the U.S. military during World War II. In the 1990s, the law firm Morrison & Foerster agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. While I understand the premise of the lawsuit as stated, I have a question, I and my parents moved to Jolla in 1964. hide caption. According to the agency, if a veteran has an illness on the list and can prove he was exposed, he receives benefits. Please click here for a free evaluation of your claim, Civil/Human Rights Settlements and Legal News, Personal Injury Settlements and Legal News. 1982-85 IOM report Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy. Statistically, at least one out of a thousand young soldiers chosen at random might be expected to expire during any one-year period. Everyone I have dealt with at your firm has been very professional and courteous. Courtesy of Edgewood Arsenal According to a CNN report that aired in March 2012, from 1955 to 1975 more than 7,000 soldiers each spent two months at Edgewood Arsenal, where they were exposed to as many 250 different chemical and biological agents as part of secret medical experiments. It passed the Agent Orange Act in 1991, which requires the VA to assume that all veterans who served in and around Vietnam were exposed to the chemical. Goss was a Florida congressman when he was contacted by a group of constituents who were used as test subjects and spoke out on their behalf. 8:56 AM EST, Thu March 1, 2012. Those regulations have kept veterans like Harry Bollinger, 88, from receiving benefits. But Bollinger says that time in his life is tainted: by the pain he felt as a human test subject in military experiments, and by the VA that told him it wasn't real. Youre going to do it. Erspamer said the government has reached very few of the 7,000 or so Edgewood veterans, and the VA has turned down almost all Edgewood-related health claims. Finally, from 1962 to 1972, a total of 123 irritant chemicals were tested on only two subjects each exposed using a wind tunnel (NRC 1984). Last year, the Department of Veterans Affairs granted him partial benefits for his Parkinsons for Agent Orange exposure during his time in Thailand, giving Josephs 40% disability. These men aren't polished or rehearsed, and the filmmakers let them have their say, even when things veer into pure speculation. And in this case I'm afraid the answer is not yet. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. He was asked "Did you have pain every time you took a breath? The NRC report also mentions human experiments involving exposure of 741 soldiers to LSD (NRC 1984). "But the only thing we can do is follow our statutes and regulations.". She says they didn't know that he was eligible for disability benefits when he died of a heart attack in 1995. In 1968, Tim Josephs was told he would be testing gas masks, boots and other clothing, he said. He showed a black and white photo of a large group of soldiers in front of a sign "Medical Volunteers.". This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures. The Edgewood Arsenal Rod and Gun Club was a club that included U.S. Army officers and Department of the Army civilian personnel stationed at the Arsenal as well as their families and guests. In total, Army documents identified 7,120 Army and Air Force personnel who participated in these tests. Your email will only be used if a response is needed. Congressional hearings into these experiments in 1974 and 1975 resulted in disclosures, notification of subjects as to the nature of their chemical exposures, and ultimately to compensation for a few families of subjects who had died during the experiments (NAS 1993). VA offers a variety of health care benefits to eligible Veterans. Building 509 at Edgewood Arsenal in Harford County, Maryland was a production facility for the assembly of phosphorus igniter assemblies for incendiary bombs, employing a female staff of about 135 assemblers. The National Academies of Science reviewed this report in 2018 ("Review and Approach to Evaluating Long-term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects") and suggested a framework for evaluating these exposures moving forward. That adds up to 1,167 man-years of survival. Veterans who have a disease or injury they believe is related to the testing may seek treatment from the Army, according to the Armys Office of the Surgeon General. "I don't think there's an explanation for why this program wasn't more successful," Goss says. hide caption. After receiving the drug, soldiers were monitored to see if they could do basic tasks like run an obstacle course. Not enrolled in the VA health care system? I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.[2]. The club operated from approximately the 1920s until sometime not long after the Arsenal was combined with Aberdeen Proving Ground in 1971. The mustard gas experiments were conducted at a time when American intelligence showed that enemy gas attacks were imminent. Youre going to Vietnam either way before or after, Josephs said recently. A Nashville veteran discusses a top-secret military testing program that exposed thousands of soldiers to dangerous chemicals. He was told never to talk about his experiences at Edgewood and to forget about everything he ever did, said or heard at the Maryland base. By this logic, Edgewood was possibly the safest military place in the world to spend two months. Josephs enlisted in the military fresh out of high school at the height of the Vietnam War. Elimination of the chemicals held here was put on an accelerated schedule after the September 11, 2001, attacks, and all chemical weapons were destroyed by February 2006. Attorney James Hancock works with the California law firm Morrison & Foerster, which filed a class action lawsuit back in 2008 against the CIA and Department of Defense. Researchers there had recorded his full name in neat handwriting on lined paper. These efforts are ongoing. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics" (1982). However, much of that flash comes from recordings made during the actual experiments. The IOM committee requested declassification of 21 additional elements from at least nine documents from DoD in August 2012. The personal injury attorneys at Parker Waichman LLP offer free, no-obligation case evaluations. The Army is now required to provide medical care to veterans if they can prove their health issues are the result of the testing. (Right) The exterior of a Naval Research Laboratory gas chamber in Washington, D.C. They gave him such high doses that he in the vernacular, he flipped out. Veterans who became Army guinea pigs for secret drug and chemical experiments are suing the VA, the CIA and the Defense Department. Paul's paperwork shows he received BZ, which he said felt like he was in a nightmare for hours at a time. The Edgewood Arsenal experiments took place from approximately 1952 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories, which is now known as the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense of the Edgewood Area, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Hit enter to expand a main menu option (Health, Benefits, etc). To apply, eligible veterans must have: . The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims. Decades after the U.S. Army used soldiers to test the effects of potent chemical and biological warfare agents - including some prohibited by the Geneva Protocol - it has begun notifying veterans. Cavell is currently being re-evaluated before the benefits can be disbursed. "The doctor said, 'we're giving this test to see it in a warmer climate.' The VA created a list of illnesses that are linked to mustard gas exposure such as skin cancer, leukemia and chronic breathing problems. "You can't coordinate anything you know. In all, roughly 60,000 World War II veterans were used as test subjects, and they kept the experiments secret for half a century. A group of them, led by Nat Schnurman, went public with their stories in 1990. Treatment will be in addition to the comprehensive medical care that plaintiffs are entitled to receive through Veterans Affairs because of their status as veterans, the release said. Terms Of Use | Privacy Policy | Disclaimer | Accessibility Compliance Policy | Library | Diversity StatementWe are committed to making this website accessible, and as consistent with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 as possible. Tim Josephs arrived at Edgewood Arsenal in 1968, he knew there was something different about the place. The experiments involved at least 254 chemical substances, but focused mainly on midspectrum incapacitants, such as LSD, THC derivatives, benzodiazepines, and BZ. The chemical testing on soldiers stopped in 1975. hide caption, Former CIA Director Porter Goss says the VA has mishandled these claims. If you are concerned about exposures during Edgewood/Aberdeen chemical tests, talk to your health care provider or yourlocal environmental health provider. Vol. Bollinger gave up appealing VA rejections in 1994, after four years of traveling back and forth 30 miles to a VA office office in Pittsburgh. According to the class action lawsuit filed on behalf of Edgewood Arsenal veterans, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), despite having actively participated in the experiments, has denied between 97% and 99% of all disability or death claims arising out of the exposures. Cavell and 11 other volunteers were locked inside a gas chamber with mustard gas piping inside. They want to use young men as guinea pigs and throw them away., The Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs declined face-to-face interviews with CNN, citing pending litigation. President Nixon ended research into offensive chemical weapons in 1969, and the military no longer uses human subjects in research on chemical agents, said a spokesman for Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, as the facility is known now. With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely". If you or someone you love were a victim of these experiments, we urge you to contact Parker Waichman LLP today to protect your legal rights. In January 2014, an additional request was made for release of multiple films made of Project SHAD tests. The process typically relies on evidence, but most of the men in these experiments have none because the tests were done in secret. "And these people should have long been appropriately provided for. The prior finding held that the Army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide "notice" to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health. We conduct ongoing accessibility reviews and remediate any functionality issues. A significant change was made on July 1, 1971, when Edgewood Arsenal, the former chemical center and current chemical research and engineering center for the U.S. Army, was merged into APG. He says he is proud of his service, and he wears the cap everywhere he goes. The documentary was produced by Zero Point Zero Production, the production company behind Anthony Bourdain's "Parts Unknown," so there's more visual flash and on-camera time for reporters than PBS viewers might expect. ), Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. A previous version of this story misidentified Nat Schnurman's wife. Schnurman and his wife, Joy, spent the next two decades compiling evidence of the testing in order to put pressure on the military. Veterans who are eligible for the care must have: Eligible veterans can expect to receive the medical care and related medications at their nearest military medical treatment facility that has the capability and capacity for them, officials said in the release. pp 89, "Secret Army volunteer's widow blames VA for spouse's death" (CNN; 3/3/12), "Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments" (CNN; 3/1/12), Last edited on 30 November 2022, at 16:44, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency, Human experimentation in the United States, "Altered States: LSD and the Anesthesia Laboratory of Henry Knowles Beecher", "Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies 19551975", Researchers tested pot, LSD on Army volunteers. While in the Navy, Cavell (center, No. [14], A significant omission from the Course summary above is the number of subjects on which BZ and related compounds were tested. "There was no identifying information," he says. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects" (1985). According to a deposition given by a former soldier involved in the program who is now deceased, it was not until men arrived at Edgewood Arsenal that they were informed that drugs would also be used in the experiments. From this point on, APG was the common identifier for both areas. That won't be too long now probably.". Cavell then submitted the documents to the VA as proof of his exposure. If you or a loved one were exposed to dangerous drugs and toxins in the course of unethical medical experimentation conducted by the U.S. Army at Edgewood Arsenal, you may be entitled to compensation. This top secret Cold War research program initially looked for ways to defend against a chemical or biological attack by the Soviet Union, thought to be far ahead of the United States in psycho-chemical warfare. A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life. The class-action lawsuit was filed by Vietnam Veterans of America, Swords to Plowshares and individual veterans seeking medical care for troops who participated in the programs at Edgewood Arsenal and Fort Detrick in Maryland. appreciated. My question to you is my son suffers from a rare form of eczema and severe asthma. . Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949. "It's important that these soldiers who served their country are honored and get to the tell their story," Hancock said. I was stationed at Aberdeen Proving Ground and assigned to Edgewood Arsenal, my family and I lived in government quarters just off post in Edgewood and on the arsenal from 1985 -1990 for my family and 1985-89 for myself. "[5] This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist, E. James Lieberman, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists in 1962. Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies FAQs. Tyler Perry wrote and will direct the story of an all-female, all-Black battalion that served in Europe. "Until we actually got into the process of being in that room and realized, wait a minute, we can't get out of here.". I can continue by saying I filed an approximately 80 page document to the veteran's administration about my claims and kept getting blown off; resubmitted, blown off. "U.S. Navy, Guinea Pig. In his mid-50s, Josephs was diagnosed with Parkinsons disease, a progressive neurological condition that forced him to retire early. Kathleen Curthoys is editor of Army Times. Fed the "F" up. By Larry Scott, VA Watchdog dot Org - A Government Accounting Office report of May 2004, Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel (pp. 27299 Riverview Center Boulevard, Suite 108. What types of tests were conducted at Edgewood? "Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Agents", Sommer, Harold Z. Krenzer, John Miller, Jacob I. EA 1464 and Related Compounds. [] At Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. Until sometime not long after the human experiments involving exposure of 741 soldiers to dangerous.. 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Health issues are the result of the controversy out our online contact form or call 1-800-YOURLAWYER ( 1-800-968-7529 ) be... He goes a main menu option ( health, benefits, etc ) to. Director Porter Goss says the VA, the U.S. military exposed thousands of soldiers in of! Veterans like Harry Bollinger, 88, from receiving benefits n't the real me there, '' he.... Additional request was made for release of multiple films made of Project SHAD.! His service, and the Defense Department our online contact form or call (! His service, and the filmmakers let them have their say, even when things veer into speculation!, Former CIA Director Porter Goss says that excuse is at the of! Nashville veteran discusses a top-secret military testing program that exposed thousands of soldiers front., LSD and PCP elements from at least one out of high at... Emmanouilidou also contributed to this story misidentified Nat Schnurman 's wife typically relies on evidence, most. 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