D. economic policy. 3. A. grant all their electoral votes as a unit to the candidate who wins the state's popular vote. B. II Since its invention at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, the presidential office has gradually become more powerful, giving its occupants a far-greater chance to exercise leadership at home and abroad. The effect wears off, and you have to take another. He predicted that if the conflict in Vietnam were ever converted into a white mans war, we would lose the way the French had lost a decade earlier.. After serving three terms as a congressman, he said, We were just worms in the Housenobody paid much attention to us nationally. His seven years in the Senate didnt suit him much better. Cookie Settings, Frank Scherschel / Time Life Pictures / Getty Images, John Dominis / Time & Life Pictures / Getty Images, prime-time campaign debates against Nixon, Dried Lake Reveals New Statue on Easter Island. But he also worried that a first strike against the Soviet installations in Cuba would turn peace advocates everywhere against the United States. D. staging of personal appearances. D. the president's skill at balancing the demands of competing groups. In meeting the challenges of his time, Kennedy sharply expanded the power of the presidency, particularly in foreign affairs. The former power is carried over directly into the Constitutions list of congressional powers, but the latter is not. to anyone other than the President., Although that principle, read narrowly, would only prohibit Congress from literally placing someone other than the President atop the U.S. military hierarchy, it presumably also means that Congress cannot insulate parts of the military from the Presidents superintendence or interfere with the Presidents supervisory role, lest Congress have the power to effectively undermine the Presidents command authorityand, in Justice Jacksons words, convert the Clause into an empty title.. D. the equalization of Electoral College votes, eliminating population as a factor 31. In August 1967, R. W. Apple Jr., the New York Times Saigon bureau chief, wrote that the war had become a stalemate and quoted U.S. officers as saying the fighting might go on for decades; Johnsons efforts to persuade Americans that the war was going well by repeatedly describing a light at the end of the tunnel opened up a credibility gap. A. C. National Security Council According to the U.S. Constitution, if no one candidate receives a majority vote of the Electoral College, who chooses the president? C. define the relationship between the United States and its allies. C. Al Gore won a slim majority of votes in the Electoral College. Another is the appointment power, which offers presidents important formal means B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. E. None of these answers is correct. What did Alexander Hamilton argue about war in Federalist No. A. Howard Dean did not accept federal matching funds in the primaries. Born in Plains, Georgia, on October 1, 1924, James Earle Carter Jr. attended the U.S. Direct link to 10130614's post What are the potential da, Posted 4 months ago. in other words, how might future presidents use Jefferson actions to justify their own? Although the missile gap would prove a chimera based on inflated missile counts, the Soviets contest with the United States for ideological primacy remained quite real. National Economic Council B. party organizations. In sum, the President exercises command authority subject to general rules passed by Congress pursuant to Congresss constitutional military powers. E. the Cabinet (as a whole). How many presidents have been impeached in U.S. history? E. Iowa, 19. D. The veto is as much a sign of presidential weakness as of strength, because it arises when Congress refuses to accept the president's ideas. Ronald Reagan informed Congress of his decisions to commit U.S. troops to actions in Lebanon and Grenada, then suffered from the Iran-Contra scandal, in which members of his administration plotted to raise funds for anti-Communists in Nicaraguaa form of aid that Congress had explicitly outlawed. Before 1991, the president was selected by the National Assembly of the Republic of China for a term of six years. D. the endorsement of the mass media. Direct link to Elizabeth Nichols's post Having a single executive, Posted a year ago. The Expanding Power of the Presidency. . 9. In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006), the Supreme Court appeared to reject this argument in invalidating military tribunals created by President Bush to try non-citizen terrorism suspects. E. mid-term elections. E. None of these answers is correct. And while Bill Clinton chose to consult with Congressional leaders on operations to enforce a U.N. no-fly zone in the former Yugoslavia, he reverted to the president knows best model in launching Operation Desert Fox, the 1998 bombing intended to degrade Saddam Husseins war-making ability. E. All these answers are correct. C. is the office most representative of the people. For example, multiple Presidents have claimed that the War Powers Resolution, which limits the Presidents ability to deploy troops into hostilities without Congresss approval, is unconstitutional on this ground. Direct link to scrublorf30's post Role as commander-in-chie, Posted 2 years ago. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. D. Georgia and Louisiana. role as a commander, what presidents have used this power to expand the presidency? D. New Hampshire He also knew how to secure widespread backing for himself and his policies. Antiwar protests, with pickets outside the White House chanting, Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today? suggested the erosion of Johnsons political support. B. whether circumstances favor strong presidential leadership. The U.S. House of Representatives last decided the outcome of a presidential election in ________. C. mass mailing of campaign literature. Congratulations to Michael Renna, president and CEO, SJI, and SJI Board Directors Kevin O'Dowd and Christopher Paladino for being named to ROI-NJ's 2023 Super B. are rooted in tradition only; they have no basis in the language of the Constitution. The president's role in foreign policy increased largely because It was a miscalculation that would cripple his presidency. They are legally binding in the same way that treaties are. C. blocking by Congress. Disputes concerning the scope of the Presidents unilateral authority under the Commander in Chief Clauseparticularly of latehave tended to neglect the potential significance of other constitutional provisions in understanding the Constitutions separation of emergency powers. But that law, which has been contested by every president since, has had an ambiguous record. The Executive Office of the President (EOP) was created in ________. Role as commander-in-chief - What presidents have used this power to expand the presidency. They can only be issued in matters of national security. During his 1968 presidential campaign, he had secretly advised South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu to resist peace overtures until after the U.S. election in the hope of getting a better deal under a Nixon administration. He now has command of the Texas bureaucracy almost akin to a president's control of a cabinet. The new department consolidated 22 . C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. B. Maine But in general, the former power encompasses creating standing directions and punishments that broadly control behavior of the military (such as the articles of war, the Uniform Code of Military Justice, or statutes such as the War Crimes Act); the latter power refers to contingent orders made in response to developments in battles and campaigns. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? A. Thus Congresss order not to burn New York City during the retreat would be unconstitutional under the 1789 Constitution, although general regulations on the treatment of civilian property would not be. Direct link to Jay C's post how has the president's p, Posted a year ago. A. On October 16, 1962while his administration was gathering intelligence on the new threat, but before making it publiche betrayed a hint of his isolation by reciting, during a speech to journalists at the State Department, a version of a rhyme by a bullfighter named Domingo Ortega: Bullfight critics row on row Crowd the enormous plaza de toros But only one is there who knows And hes the one who fights the bull. B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. A. George W. Bush won the popular vote. What are the benefits of a single executive? 74. The Constitution assigns no executive authority to the vice president. C. III As a controversial 2002 government memorandum argued. Kennedy joked, The worse I do, the more popular I get.. The president's constitutional roles, such as chief executive and commander in chief, After which party convention did the Democrats force major changes in the presidential nominating process? E. 1992, 18. The answer, as it turns out, is a series of Supreme Court decisions that have largely mooted any argument that the Clause imposes substantive limits on the federal government. E. He cast aside the Whig theory in favor of the stewardship theory. B. John Kerry accepted federal matching funds in the primaries. The threat of a veto has never proven to be enough to make Congress bend to the president's demands. A. broke most of his campaign promises. B. enjoyed Republican majorities in both houses of Congress. 6. Less than two months into his term, Kennedy announced two programs that gave substance to his rhetoric: the Alliance for Progress, which would encourage economic cooperation between North and South America, and the Peace Corps, which would send Americans to live and work in developing nations around the world. President Obama's failure in his early months in office to enact policies to combat global warming, despite his determination to do so, is reflective primarily of Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post Presidents have used exec, Posted 4 years ago. A. C. A president should be allowed to declare war, because only the executive can react quickly enough. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. Ooops. E. efforts of friendly civilian and corporate group efforts. E. is subordinate to the Supreme Court. B. 34. C. Jimmy Carter reduced the power of the vice presidency by removing the vice president's office from the White House. B. Senate only. B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government Instead, the challenges of Vietnam fell to Lyndon Johnson, who became president upon Kennedys assassination in November 1963. However, contrary to the second view, the Constitutions enumeration of Congresss specific military powers indicates that Congress does not have plenary authority over military operations. 28. One of the most important of the President's domestic powers is the power to veto bills (laws). The Constitution explicitly assigns to the president the power to sign or veto legislation,command the armed forces, request the written opinion of his cabinet, convene or suspend congress,grant pardons and pardons,and receive ambassadors. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine 21. D. Andrew Jackson Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. E. 1800. The Executive Committee of the National Security CouncilExComm, as it became knownincluded not a single member of Congress or the judiciary, only Kennedys national security officials and his brother, Attorney General Robert Kennedy, and his vice president, Lyndon Johnson. C. has been used more extensively in recent decades, such that the candidate who dominates the primaries can usually expect to receive the nomination. E. Building a strong military for engagement in foreign wars would be a key ingredient to establishing executive authority. E. midterm elections. Thus, although the Framers may well have intended the Calling Forth Clause both to cement the militias exclusive role in responding to domestic emergencies and to prevent their federalization for other purposes, the 1918 decisions largely vitiated that structural reading by concluding that the militia could also be called forth to fight in foreign wars. A. the two-presidency problem. Which of the following is true of the president's veto power? At the same time, he unilaterally chose not to expand the conflict into Iraq, but even that assertion of power was seen as a bow to Congressional and public opposition to a wider war. But because Congress has only specified military powers, military matters not within Congresss military powers necessarily are sole powers of the President as Commander in Chief. Which of the following did the framers want from a president? Mitchel A . A. Presidents in the nineteenth century paid more attention to their vice presidents and granted them more authority. C. the U.S. Senate C. is on good terms with other world leaders. If the U.S. House of Representatives chooses to impeach a president, who conducts the trial? B. Rutherford B. Hayes E. 4. Examples include issuing executive orders and negotiating executive agreements. B. the U.S. House of Representatives What did the Supreme Court rule about executive agreements in 1937? A. work of grass-roots organizers. A. And Congresss power to define the scope of a war seems confirmed by Congresss statutory limits on the 1798 Quasi-War with France and by the Supreme Courts approval of those limits in Bas v. Tingy (1800) and Little v. Barreme (1804). Whereas today candidates rely on the media, previously they based their campaigns on the We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, the 35th president began. If a President refuses to sign a bill, he "vetoes" the law ("veto" is Latin for "I forbid"). S ince the founding of this republic there has been debate about the proper scope of the executive branch. E. weaken Congress in foreign policy matters. E. the image strength lent by the sheer size of the executive establishment, even though the president has little direct control over most of it, B. the presidential image-building through public relations that contributes to the idea that the president is in charge of the national government. B. On March 31, he announced that he would not run for another term and that he planned to begin peace talks in Paris. Generally, the president's power will increase whenever there is a national crisis, or other need for strong, immediate action from the government. Direct link to Izabela Scallions's post role as a commander, what, Posted 4 days ago. 30. 41. In 1975, Ford signaled that the War Powers Act had placed no meaningful restrictions on a presidents power when, without consulting Congress, he sent U.S. commandos to liberate American seamen seized from the cargo ship Mayaguez by the Khmer Rouge, Cambodias Communist government. A high-level overview of how the presidency has been enhanced beyond its expressed constitutional powers. C. air wars . The presidential advisory unit that, as a whole, has declined significantly as an advisory resource for the president in the twentieth century is the Decisions taken by presidents from Gerald Ford to Barack Obama show that the initiative in foreign policy and war-making remains firmly in the chief executives hands. D. office where power depends almost entirely on its occupant; strong leaders are always successful presidents, and weak ones never succeed. C. 1865 B. is a limited office whose occupant is confined to the exercise of expressly granted constitutional powers. [T]he direction of war peculiarly demands those qualities which distinguish the exercise of power by a single hand. University Press of Kansas. how did Jefferson expand the powers of the president? A. D. have expanded in practice to be more powerful than the writers of the Constitution intended. But then on October 4, 1957, Moscow launched Sputnik, the first space satellitean achievement that Americans took as a traumatic portent of Soviet superiority in missile technology. A. The War Powers Act was enacted in order to A. are based on very precise constitutional grants of power. C. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. One of the most important powers that the president possesses is the ability to create laws. Of course, it was the Watergate scandal that destroyed Nixons presidency. A. Hamiltons view accords with criticisms of the pre-1787 design of government. 23. Kennedy told former Secretary of State Dean Acheson a U.S. bombing raid would be seen as Pearl Harbor in reverse.. 36. That potential, however, went unfulfilled: after 13 days in which the two sides might have come to nuclear blows, the Soviets agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for a guarantee that the United States would respect the islands sovereignty (and, secretly, remove U.S. missiles from Italy and Turkey). But when he begins to move his lips, you know hes lying. B. administration of the laws Sollenberger and Mark J. Rozell. According to Professor Hargrove's theory of presidential success, a presidency of achievement occurs because a. there is an unbreakable cycle to presidential leadership, whereby success alwaysfollows after failure. On one hand, a powerful executive permits quick and decisive action, which is important for responding to current events. The direction of war implies the direction of the common strength; and the power of directing and employing the common strength forms a usual and essential part in the definition of the executive authority. At the end of Bushs term, his approval ratings, like Trumans, fell into the twenties. Presidents have used executive duty to make sure that the laws of war are followed; the President is commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States and Congress has the power to declare war. B. There are limits to this ability, as they can't simply come up with an idea off the top of their head and make it a reality. Yet his sustained commitment to ending the war in Iraq offers hope that he will fulfill his promise to begin removing troops from Afghanistan this coming July and that he will end that war as well. C. office in which power is conditional, depending on whether the political support that gives force to presidential leadership exists or can be developed. Robert Dalleks most recent book is The Lost Peace: Leadership in a Time of Horror and Hope, 1945-1953. One reason for this was the emergence of the United States as a great power with global obligations. But Truman would learn a paradoxical, and in his case bitter, corollary: with greater power, the president also had a greater need to win popular backing for his policies. D. all of these factors: the small policymaking role of the federal government; the sectional nature of the nation's major issues; and the U.S. government's small role in world affairs B. the support of the party's organizational leaders. He altered the stewardship theory to reduce the power of the presidency while remaining an activist president. Rufus King of Massachusetts then made a related point: that make war might be understood to conduct it which was an Executive function. The Convention adopted the proposed change, suggesting that the delegates did not want Congress to have the power to conduct war. C. It requires Congress to consult with the president whenever feasible before passing measures that will restrict president-ordered military action. The distinction between legislative functions (making general rules and deciding on war initiation) and executive functions (conducting war or directing [military] operations) reflects the Framers broader commitment to separation of powers. B. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Having a single executive could lead to tyranny due to the fact that they would not have to check with other powers and could use all of the power to themselves. D. A surprise attack on the United States is the only justification for war by presidential action. Although the people continued to esteem Eisenhower himselfhis popularity was between 58 percent and 68 percent in his last year in officethey blamed his administration for allowing the Soviets to develop a dangerous advantage over the United States. C. 55 Which of the following happened in the presidential election of 2000? All Rights Reserved. His decision rested on two fears: that Castro represented an advance wave of a Communist assault on Latin America, and that if Kennedy aborted the invasion, he would be vulnerable to domestic political attacks as a weak leader whose temporizing would encourage Communist aggression. C. He rejected the idea of the "strong presidency". Second, and in contrast to the experience under the Articles of Confederation, it places such civilian superintendence in the hands of a single person. Nobody can say with confidence exactly what JFK would have done in Southeast Asia if he had lived to hold a second term, and the point remains one of heated debate. C. the U.S. government's small role in world affairs D. presidential nominee's choice of a running mate. . A. going public C. 2 D. 1984 B. Ralph Nader won Florida by 537 votes. To ensure domestic support for his decisionand in spite of calls by some members of Congress for a more aggressive responseKennedy went on national television at 7 p.m. on October 22 with a 17-minute address to the nation that emphasized Soviet responsibility for the crisis and his determination to compel the withdrawal of offensive weapons from Cuba. B. The President's Czars: Undermining Congress and the Constitution. A. the margin of victory in the presidential campaign. A. must be at least 40 years of age Why do you think the presidents informal powers have grown over time? The invasion ended in disaster: after more than 100 invaders had been killed and the rest had been captured, Kennedy asked himself, How could I have been so stupid? The failurewhich seemed even more pronounced when his resistance to backing the assault with U.S. air power came to lightthreatened his ability to command public support for future foreign policy initiatives. E. None of these answers is correct. C. House and Senate in a joint session. Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States and was sworn into office following the November 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. C. Theodore Roosevelt. Which one of the following did NOT serve as a state governor prior to being president? E. must be a Protestant. C. use the caucus instead of the primary for presidential candidate selection. C. They will only be binding if reviewed and approved by both houses of Congress. The presidency was created by Article ________ of the U.S. Constitution. Jimmy Carter's Early Life and Start in Politics. Professor of Law at the University of San Diego School of Law, Dalton Cross Professor in Law at the University of Texas at Austin School of Law, The Commander in Chief Clause of Article II, Section 2 provides that The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States. As Justice Jackson put it in the Steel Seizure case (Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952)), These cryptic words have given rise to some of the most persistent controversies in our constitutional history, with Presidents at various points claiming that it vests power to do anything, anywhere, that can be done with an army or navy., At a minimum, all agree that the Clause has two separate but related purposes: First, in response to the charge in the Declaration of Independence that the King had affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power, it ensures civilian superintendence over the militaryand, as such, the subordination of the military to civilian (and democratically accountable) control. The brief war powers debate at the Philadelphia Convention confirms that this omission was intentional and substantive. $39.95. And in response to Nixons conduct of the war in Southeast Asia, Congress, in 1973, passed the War Powers Resolution over his veto in an attempt to rebalance its constitutional power to declare war. DHS was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002, largely in response to the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Both views seem to overstate. D. must be a white male c. B. convention delegates' judgment as to the candidate who would make the best vice president. 2 356 Pages. C. the president's ability to come up with good ideas. During 2006, the year before Democrats took back control of Congress, George W. Bush After the Korean War had become a stalemate, a majority of Americans described their countrys participation in the conflict as a mistakeand Trumans approval ratings fell into the twenties. The Power To Make Laws. A. the inability of the president to influence the legislative priorities of Congress, even though the party in power pays lip-service to the president's agenda A. George Washington Coming after his campaign promise to wind down the war, Nixons announcement of what he called an incursion enraged antiwar protesters on college campuses across the United States. D. 1888 A. social welfare policy. The unresolved problems attached to these conflicts have once again raised concerns about the wisdom of fighting wars without more definitive support. Scholarly opinion is sharply divided on this question. C. immediately after Congress enacts a major presidential initiative. A more difficult question is how much authority the Clause gives the President beyond operations approved by Congress. Office of Management and Budget. C. Benjamin Harrison D. of the desire of U.S. business to expand into Latin America and Asia, which required executive action at the highest level. E. environmental policy. As a result of this superintendence principle, when Congress authorizes military operations (such as through a declaration of war), it necessarily puts the President in charge of them. 8. A. The only two states that are exceptions to the unit rule are As Justice Stevens wrote for the majority, [w]hether or not the President has independent power, absent congressional authorization, to convene military commissions, he may not disregard limitations that Congress has, in proper exercise of its own war powers, placed on his powers. However, the scope of Hamdan remains unclear, and in 2015 President Obama suggested that a statute completely limiting his ability to transfer detainees from the military prison at Guantnamo might unconstitutionally infringe his Commander in Chief powers. Contrary to the first view, the Constitution expressly gives Congress significant power over the military. Direct link to Youngblood, ADeja's post How does the use of execu, Posted 4 months ago. But Johnson could not control the pace of the war, and as it turned into a long-term struggle costing the United States thousands of lives, increasing numbers of Americans questioned the wisdom of fighting what had begun to seem like an unwinnable conflict. Which of the following is a reason that the nation did not routinely need a strong president during most of the nineteenth century? Nixons action did not become public until 1980, when Anna Chennault, a principal figure in the behind-the-scenes maneuvers, revealed them, but Johnson learned of Nixons machinations during the 1968 campaign; he contended that Nixons delay of peace talks violated the Logan Act, which forbids private citizens from interfering in official negotiations.

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