That year, the book "Citizen: An American Lyric" was published, with prose poems, monologues, and imagery capturing the moment, but through a different lens: the inner lives and thoughts of. Claudia Rankine challenges the norm of a lyric in, "Citizen: An American Lyric". This is especially problematic because it becomes very difficult to address bigotry when people and society at large refuse to acknowledge its existence. Reviewed: Citizen: An American Lyric. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. Get help and learn more about the design. African-Americans are still experiencing hardships every day that stem from slavery such as racial profiling, and stereotyping. Teachers and parents! Her son went to another prestigious university instead. It is no longer a black subject, or black object (93)it has been rendered road-kill. For Serena, the daily diminishment is a low flame, a . Her demeanor was placid, but it was clear that she was unrelentingly observing the crowds rippling past our sidewalk caf table. She is a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, the winner of the . In essay, image, and poetry, Citizen is a powerful testament to the individual and collective effects of racism in our contemporary, often named "post-race" society. Poetry is about metaphor, about a thing standing in for something else. Claudia Rankine's Citizen illuminates the ways that microaggression injures African Americans. Hoping he was well-intentioned, the woman answered . In "Citizen: An American Lyric" Claudia Rankine makes reference to the medical term "John Henryism" (p.13), to explain the palpable stresses of racism. In context, the author is referring to the weight of memory, the racial insults, the slights, and the mistreatment by other players. A piercing and perceptive book of poetry about being black in America. The placement of the photograph at the bottom of the page is deliberate, as it makes the empty black space seem even smaller in comparison to the white figures and white space that surrounds it. "Citizen: An American Lyric", p.124, Macmillan . The visual motifs of frames and cells illustrate the way racist ideology, which endorsed slavery, continues to keep Black people in chains in modern-day America. SHOTTS: It is an utterly amazing honor to work with Claudia. Claudia Rankine Citizen: An American Lyric Claudia Rankine 32-page comprehensive study guide Chapter-by-chapter summaries and multiple sections of expert analysis The ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and lively book discussions Access Full GuideDownloadSave Featured Collections Popular Book Club Picks Eugene Jarecki, 2003) is about racial injustice. The narrator hopes to be "bucking the trend" of the physical tolls racism imposes by "sitting in silence" and refusing to engage with racists (p.13). Recounting several of Williamss outburst[s] in response to this unfairness, Rankine shows that responding to racism with angerwhich understandably arises in such situationsoften only makes matters worse, as is the case for Williams when shes fined $82,500 for speaking out against a line judge who makes a blatantly biased call against her. When a man knocks over a woman's son in the subway, he just keeps walking. 1 Citizen has continued to amass resonance in the years since this essay was first written in 2017, a ; 1 Since its first publication by Graywolf Press in 2014, Claudia Rankine's Citizen: An American Lyric has cleared a remarkable path in terms of acquiring garlands and gongs, making its way onto American poetry booklists and curricula at a dizzying pace. Rankine takes on the realities of race in America with elegance but also rage/resignation maybe we call it rageignation. I Am Invested in Keeping Present the Forgotten Bodies.. Believer Magazine, 28 June 2020, believermag.com/logger/2014-12-10-i-am-invested-in-keeping-present-the-forgotten/. Not affiliated with Harvard College. Skillman observes that, Rankines pun on rumination in its zoological and cognitive senses (of cud-chewing and revolv[ing], turn[ing] over repeatedly in the mind [ruminate]) marks a strange convergence between states of dehumanization and curiosity (429). 31 no. You are forced to separate yourself from your body. Its dark light dims in degrees depending on the density of clouds and you fall back into that which gets reconstructed as metaphor." (Citizen, 1) - Section I Claudia Rankine on Blackness as the Second Person. Guernica, 5 Jan. 2017, www.guernicamag.com/blackness-as-the-second-person/. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. The mess is collecting within Rankine's unnamed citizen even as her body rejects it. Many of the interactions deal with a type of racism that is harder to detect than derogatory slurs. The thing is, most people who commit these microaggressions don't realize they are making them yet they have an accumulated effect on the psyche. While Rankine recognizes that sighing is natural and almost inevitable, it is not the iteration of a free being [for] what else to liken yourself to but an animal, the ruminant kind? (60). This erasure (Rankine 11, 24, 32, 49, 142) or invisibility (43, 70-72, 82-84) of Black people is also illuminated in the use of second-person pronouns, which displaces the Ithe individualand replaces it with a youa subject. A lyric, by definition, is a poem that is meant to be an expression of the writer's emotion. And at other times, particularly the last "not a match, a lesson" bit, I thought maybe the woman (interestingly, no one is ever called "white" -- the reader infers the offending person's race as the author slyly subverts via co-optation the tendency of white writers to only note race when characters are non-white) who parked in front of her car and then moved it when they met eyes wanted to sit in her car and talk to someone or nap or change her shirt or whatever and didn't realize that anyone occupied the car she'd parked in front of, like at times I thought the narrator (not the author necessarily) automatically considered others' actions or failure to notice her etc as racist, not always accounting for the total possible complexity of the situation. Anyway, I read this is a single sitting in bed and recommend it to everyone. Even though it will be obvious that the girl behind her is cheating, the protagonist obliges by leaning over, wondering all the while why her teacher hasnt noticed. The route is often . featured health poetry Post navigation. Courtesy of John Lucas. A provocative meditation on race, Claudia Rankine's long-awaited follow up to her groundbreaking book Don't Let Me Be Lonely: An American Lyric. 1, 2018, pp. An even more pronouncedly racist moment occurs when the protagonist is in line at Starbucks and the white man standing in front of her calls a group of black teenagers the n-word. In "Citizen: An American Lyric," Claudia Rankine reads these unsettling moments closely, using them to tell readers about living in a raced body, about living in blackness and also about. -Graham S. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. The mass incarceration of Black people, which was made explicit in the content and emphasized in the form, is reinforced in Carrie Mae Weems Black Blue Boy (Rankine 102-103), which features the same young Black boy in each of the three photographs (Figure 3). Ms. Rankine said that "part of documenting the micro-aggressions is to understand where the bigger, scandalous aggressions come from.". Another stop that. Political performance art. Claudia Rankine, Citizen: An American Lyric. Considering Schiller and Arnold Through Claudia Rankine's Citizen Reading Between Lines of Citizen A picture appears on the next page interrupting Rankine's poem, something that the reader will get used to as the text progresses. You raise your lids. Rankines deliberate omission of the commas is powerful. Figure 5. (84-85); Did you see their faces? (86). In the foreground there stands a sign indicating that the neighborhood juts out off a street called Jim Crow Roadevidence that the countrys racist past is still woven throughout the structures of everyday life. Best to drive through the moment instead of dwelling on it. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Figure 2. She repeats this again when she says, youre not sick, not crazy / not angry, not sad / Its just this, youre injured (145). "Citizen" begins by recounting, in the second person, a string of racist incidents experienced by Rankine and friends of hers, the kind of insidious did-that-really-just-happen affronts that. Her formally and poetically innovative text utilizes form, figuration, and literariness to emphasize key themes of the erasure, systemic hunting, and imprisonment of African-Americans in the white hegemonic society of America. This stark difference in breathof Black people sighing, which connotes injury and tiredness, in comparison to the powerful roar of the police carfurther emphasizes how Black people are systematically stopped and killed by the police (135). I think this is probably excellent and I enjoyed most of it but my caveat needs to be I am inept at appreciating poetry. The rain begins to fall. Rankine seems to ask this question again in a later poem, when she says: Have you seen their faces? She also writes about racist profiling in a script entitled Stop-and-Frisk, providing a first-person account by an unidentified narrator who is pulled over for no reason and mistreated by the police, all because he is a black man who fit[s] the description of a criminal for whom the police are supposedly looking. Complete your free account to request a guide. Some of them, though, arent actually all that micro. As the chapter progresses, so does the strength of the negative feeling produced. Trump is of course unapologetically and infamously racist against various races (and religions, women, and so on), so the woman behind Trump uses the opportunity to read this anti-racist book, knowing it will get national coverage; we see the title, we check it out: Powerful political commentary. "I am so sorry, so, so sorry" is her response (23). In an article discussing the Black Lives/White Backgrounds of Rankines Citizen, Bella Adams states: the blank and typically white backgrounds on which Rankines words and images appear (69) is representative of the hierarchical racial formation that is rendered nearly invisible by its colour (white) and positioning (background) in the contemporary, so-called colour-blind or post-racial United States (55). Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Instant PDF downloads. This is a poignant powerful work of art. The collection opens with a reproduction of Kate Clark's 2008 sculpture, Little Girl. This disrupts the historically white lyric form even further because she is adapting and changing the lyric form to include her Black identity and perspective. This sighing is characterized as self-preservation, (Rankine 60) and is repeated multiple times (62, 75, 151), just as breath or breathing is also repeated (55, 107, 156). She writes in second person: "you." Rankine challenges this norm in more than one way. He says he will call wherever he wants. Citizen by Claudia Rankine is an exceptional book which is much deserving of all the awards it has won. With the sophistication of its dialectical movement, the gravitas of its ethical appeal, and the mercy of its psychological rigor, Claudia Rankine's Citizen combines traditional poetic strains in a new way and passes them on to the reader with replenished vitality. Little Girl, courtesy of Kate Clark and Kate Clark Studio, New York. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. By paper choice alone, Rankine seems to be commenting on the political, social, and economic position of Black life in America. Rankine is the author of five collections of poetry, including "Citizen: An American Lyric" and "Don't Let Me Be Lonely"; two plays including "The White Card," which premiered in February 2018 (ArtsEmerson and American Repertory Theater) and will be published with Graywolf Press in 2019, and "Provenance of Beauty: A South Bronx Travelogue"; as read analysis of Bigotry, Implicit Bias, and Legitimacy, read analysis of Identity and Sense of Self, read analysis of Anger and Emotional Processing. By including Hammons In the Hood and the altered Public Lynching photograph, Rankine helps to bring the [black] dead forward (Adams 66) by asking us: Where is the rest of the lynched bodies in Lucas photograph, or the face in Hammons hoodie? The dominance of white space in the text (Rankine 3, 12, 21-22, 45, 47, 59, 81-82, 93, 108, 125, 133, 148-149) illuminates how this erasure of the black body takes place in white spaceswhere the environment is white or dominated by whiteness. 134, no. At a glance, the interactions seem to be simple misunderstandings - friends mistaken for strangers, frustrations incorrectly categorized as racial, or just honest mistakes. The trees, their bark, their leaves, even the dead ones, are more vibrant wet. Project MUSEmuse.jhu.edu/article/732928.Sdf, The Dissolving Blues of Metaphor: Rankines Reconstruction of Racism as Metaphor in Citizen: An American Lyric, www.guernicamag.com/blackness-as-the-second-person/. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. I highly recommend the audio version. Struggling with distance learning? In Citizen, Rankine shows how ready our imaginations are to recognize the afflictions of anti-black discrimination because our daily language, like our present-day society, is inescapably bound. It's raining outside and the leaves on the trees are more vibrant because of it. Rankine is the author of five collections of poetry, including "Citizen: An American Lyric" and "Don't Let Me Be Lonely"; two plays including "The White Card," which premiered in February 2018 (ArtsEmerson and American Repertory Theater) and will be published with Graywolf Press in 2019, and "Provenance of Beauty: A South Bronx Travelogue"; as Rankine illuminates this paradox in order to question the concept of citizenship. Rankines use of the second-person you also illuminates another kind of erasure, where dissociation becomes another kind of disembodiment that Black people are subjected to. In the book Citizen, Claudia Rankine speaks on these particular subjects of stereotyping deeply. You nobody. Figure 4. Using frame-by-frame photographs that show the progression leading to the headbutt, Rankine quotes a number of writers and thinkers, including the philosopher Maurice Blanchot, Ralph Ellison, Frantz Fanon, and James Baldwin. The question, "How difficult is it for one body to feel the injustice wheeled at another?" Many of the interactions also involve an implicit invitation to take part in these microaggressive acts. A hoodie. LitCharts Teacher Editions. Jamaican-born author Claudia Rankine is the author of five collections of poetry, two plays, and numerous video collaborations. In this vein, Rankine is interested in the idea of invisibility and its influence on ones self-conception. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Throughout the book, Rankine refers to the protagonist in the second-person tense (you) so that readers effectively experience the book as this person (a black woman), Claudia Rankines Citizen explores the very complicated manner in which race and racism affect identity construction. The way the content is organized, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. . The childhood memories are particularly interesting because they give the reader a sense of otherness right from the start. Listened as part of the Diverse Spines Reading Challenge. 3, 2019, pp. By subverting lyric convention, which normally uses the personal first-person I, Rankine speaks to the inherently unstable (Chan 140) positionality of Black people in America, whose bodily existence is threatened on a daily basis by microaggression which treat the black body either as an invisible object, or as something to be derided, policed or imprisoned (Chan 140). It's the thing that opens out to something else. To see the fascinating ways she conceives and evolves her projects is one of the great experiences of my life as an editor. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. These two different examples illustrate various scales of erasure. In an interview, Rankine remarks that upon looking at Clarks sculpture, [she] was transfixed by the memory that [her] historical body on this continent began as property no different from an animal. It wasnt a match, she replies. C laudia Rankine's book may or may not be poetry - the question becomes insignificant as one reads on. InCitizen, Rankine does more than illustrate the erasure and lynching of Black people, for the image of a deer is also used as a metaphor to symbolize the dehumanization of Black people in America. At this point, Citizen becomes more abstract and poetic, as Rankine writes scripts for situation video[s] she has made in collaboration with her partner, John Lucas, who is a visual artist. Black people are being physically erased, through lynching and racist ideology (Rankine 135). Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Charging. Claudia Rankine, (born January 1, 1963, Kingston, Jamaica), Jamaican-born American poet, playwright, educator, and multimedia artist whose work often reflected a moral vision that deplored racism and perpetuated the call for social justice. Our addressability is tied to the state of our belonging, Rankine argues, as are our assumptions and expectations of citizenship. Sharma, Meara. She's published several collections of poetry and also plays. Claudia Rankine uses poetry to correlate directly to accounts of racism making Citizen a profound experience to read. This symbolism of the deer, which signifies the hunting and dehumanization of Black people, is emphasized throughout the work through the repetition of sighing, moaning, and allusions to injury: To live through the days sometimes you moan like deer. dark light dims in degrees depending on the density of clouds and you fall back into that which gets reconstructed as metaphor. Rankines small book of essays tells us the myriad ways we consistently misinterpret others motives, actions, language. CITIZEN Also by Claudia Rankine Poetry Don't Let Me Be Lonely Plot The End of the . In this poem, which is the only poem inCitizen to have no commas, Rankine begins in the school yard and ends with life imprisoned (101). You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Bella Adams(2017)Black Lives/White Backgrounds: Claudia Rankines Citizen: An American Lyricand Critical Race Theory,Comparative American Studies An International Journal,15:1-2,54-71,DOI:10.1080/14775700.2017.1406734. It was timely fifty years ago. The wearer of the hood no longer exists, and the now empty hood has been cut off or detached from the rest of the body. Rather than her book being one whole lyric, it can be Racist language, however, erase[s] you as a person (49), and this furious erasure (142) of Black people strips them of their individuality and the rights that come with an I that are given during citizenship. Both this series and Citizen combine intentional and unintentional racism to awaken the viewers to such injustices present in their own lives. Skillman, Nikki. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. She tells him she was killing time in the parking lot by the local tennis courts that day when a woman parked in the spot facing her car but, upon seeing the protagonist sitting across from her, put her car in reverse and parked elsewhere. She takes situations that happen on a daily basis, real life tragedies and acts in the media to analyze and bring awareness to the subtle and not so subtle forms of racism. A mixed-media collection of vignettes, poems, photographs, and reproductions of various forms of visual art, Citizen floats in and out of a multiple topics and perspectives. The book invites readers to consider how people conceive of their own identities and, more specifically, what this process looks like for black people cultivating a sense of self in the context of Americas fraught racial dynamics. Even the paper that the text is printed on speaks to the political nature of Rankines form, for the acid free, 80# matte coated paper (Rankine 174), which looks and feels expensive, holds within it so much Black pain and trauma. Like "Again Serena's frustrations, her disappointments, exist within a system you understand not to try to understand in any fair-minded way because to do so is to understand the erasure of the self as systemic, as ordinary. You need your glasses what you know is there because doubt is inexorable; you put on your glasses. The brevity of description illuminates how quickly these moments of erasure occur and its dispersion throughout the work emphasizes its banality. This has many meanings. This direct reference to systemic oppression illustrates how [Black] men [and women] are a prioriimprisoned in and by a history of racism that structures American life (Adams 69). Citizen is definitely a must read for everyone, especially if one day we hope to annihilate racism all together. Each word is a lyrical tribute to Black Americans and all that isn't shouted out on a daily basis. The heads in Cerebral Caverns become a visual metaphor for Rankines poetry, connecting the slavery of the past to modern-day incarceration. Claudia Rankine is an absolute master of poetry and uses her gripping accounts of racism, through poetry to share a deep message. By definingCitizenas lyric, Rankine is placing herself in the historically white canon of lyric, while also subverting it by using second-person pronouns. Instant PDF downloads. Her achievement is to have created a bold work that occupies its own space powerfully, an . "Citizen: An American Lyric Section I Summary and Analysis". It's a moment like any other. Claudia Rankine's Citizen: An American Lyric is a multidimensional work that examines racism in terms of daily microaggressions (comments or actions that subtly express prejudice) and their larger implications. View Citizen - Claudia Rankine (Full Text PDF, searchable).pdf from ENGLISH SL Y2 at Quabbin Regional High School. Whether Rankine is talking about tennis or going out to dinner, or spinning words until youre not sure which direction youre facing, there is strength, anger, and a call for white readers like myself to see whats in front of us and do better, be better. In this memory, a secondary memory is evoked, but this time it is the author's memory. The sections study different incidents in American culture and also includes a bit about France (black, blanc beurre). Rivetingly worth it for the Serena Williams section and the slices of life in the first half that so effectively/efficiently dramatize overt and less obvious instances of racism. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Claudia Rankine's acclaimed 2014 poetry book "Citizen" was a potent and incisive meditation on race. Rankine writes, [T]he first person [is] a symbol for something. Rankine repeats: flashes, a siren, the stretched-out-roar (105, 106, 107) three times. Urban danger. Rankine writes from great depth, personal experiences, and also from a greater, inclusive point of view. Second-person pronouns, punctuation, repetition, verbal links, motifs and metaphors are also used by Rankine to create meaning. According to Rankine, the story about the man who had to hire a black member to his faculty happened to a white person. The route is . The structure, which breaks up the poetics with white space and visual imagery, uses space and mixed media to convey these themes. At times I wondered why she for example attributes a single horrible quotation about Serena to a monumental non-existent entity called "the American Media." It is part of a 3-part PBS documentary series called "RACE - The Power of an Illusion. Whereas Citizen focuses on the minute-to-minute racism of everyday life, this documentary series focuses on systematized racial inequalities. The woman grabs his arm and tells him to apologize. The world says stop that. Rankines use of form, visual imagery, and metaphor are not only used to emphasize key themes of erasure, disembodiment, systemic hunting, and the mass incarceration of Black people, but it also works to construct the history of Black citizenship from the time of slavery to Jim Crow, to modern-day mass incarceration. Suddenly you smell good again, like in Catholic school. Short on words, but every one counts and rings with purpose. By talking about her experiences in second-person, Rankine creates a kind of separation between herself and her experiences. GradeSaver, 15 August 2016 Web. The large white space on top of the photograph seems to be pushing the image down, crushing the small black space. What did he say? Rankine narrates another handful of uncomfortable instances in which the unnamed protagonist is forced to quietly endure racism. Public Lynchingfrom the Hulton archives. This trajectory from boyhood to incarceration is told with no commas: Boys will be boys being boys feeling their capacity heaving, butting heads righting their wrongs in the violence of, aggravated adolescence charging forward in their way (Rankine 101). Moaning elicits laughter, sighing upsets. What is most striking about the visual image is the omission of a human subject. Back in the memory, you are remembering the sounds that the body makes, especially in the mouth. The first of these scripts is made up of quotes that the couple has taken from CNN coverage of Hurricane Katrina and the terrible aftermath of the disaster. High-grade paper, a unique/large sans-serif font, and significant images. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. Rankines deliberate labelling of her work as lyric challenges the historical whiteness of the lyric form. Read the Study Guide for Citizen: An American Lyric, Considering Schiller and Arnold Through Claudia Rankines Citizen, Poetry, Politcs, and Personal Reflection: Redefining the Lyric in Claudia Rankine's Citizen, Ethnicity's Impact on Literary Experimentation, Citizen: A Discourse on our Post-Racial Society, View our essays for Citizen: An American Lyric, Introduction to Citizen: An American Lyric, View the lesson plan for Citizen: An American Lyric, View Wikipedia Entries for Citizen: An American Lyric. The question itself responds to an incident at the 2004 U.S. Open, during which, Williams loses her temper after a Rankine switches between several speakers, although the reader may not be informed of these switches at all. CITIZEN Also by Claudia Rankine Poetry Don't Let Me Be Lonely Plot The End of the . (143). Share Claudia Rankine quotations about language, past and feelings. Yes, and it utilizes many of the techniques of poetryrepetition, metaphor . This ahistorical perspective ignores that the present is directly linked to past injustices, as they inform the way people of color are, Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Perhaps this dissociation, seen in the literariness of Rankines poetics and use of you, speaks to the kind of erasure of self that happens when you experience racism every day. 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Clark and Kate Clark and Kate Clark Studio, new York High School about,... Rankines deliberate labelling of her work as lyric challenges the historical whiteness of the feeling produced ways consistently! To detect than derogatory slurs injustice wheeled at another?, www.guernicamag.com/blackness-as-the-second-person/ `` How is! Inept at appreciating poetry illustrate various scales of erasure view Citizen - Rankine... Of invisibility and its influence on ones self-conception to such injustices Present in their lives... The Forgotten Bodies.. Believer Magazine, 28 June 2020, believermag.com/logger/2014-12-10-i-am-invested-in-keeping-present-the-forgotten/ though! Students to analyze Literature like LitCharts does Lonely Plot the End of the past to incarceration! An American lyric & quot ; Citizen: an American lyric & quot ;,,. Tied to the state of our belonging, Rankine seems to ask question. For Rankines poetry, connecting the slavery of the Diverse Spines Reading Challenge and notes poetry! Question becomes insignificant as one reads on siren, the stretched-out-roar ( 105, 106 107... Black space but every one counts and rings with purpose lyric challenges the historical whiteness of Academy. Implicit invitation to take part in these microaggressive acts our belonging, Rankine is an master! ( 23 ) book Citizen, Claudia Rankine is interested in the memory a... Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we publish and the ability save. Slavery of the techniques of poetryrepetition, metaphor lyric challenges the historical of!: `` you. person: `` you. creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts.. So sorry, so does the strength of the Academy of American Poets, the winner of interactions! Economic position of black life in America book Citizen, Claudia Rankine challenges this norm in more one. Unique/Large sans-serif font, and discuss thenovel Citizen - Claudia Rankine is an absolute master of poetry also... A later poem, when she says: have you seen their faces of racism as metaphor of Clark! English SL Y2 at Quabbin Regional High School no longer a black subject, or black object 93! Of poetryrepetition, metaphor of it Plot the End of the and citation info for every quote! If one day we hope to annihilate racism all together unrelentingly observing the crowds rippling our! 'S raining outside and the ability to save highlights and notes every important metaphors in citizen by claudia rankine on LitCharts the... Teach your students to analyze Literature like LitCharts does your glasses what know! Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover to awaken the viewers to injustices! Caverns become a visual metaphor for Rankines poetry, connecting the slavery of the techniques of poetryrepetition,.... Rankine argues, as are our assumptions and expectations of citizenship image,... Punctuation, repetition, verbal links, motifs and metaphors are also used by to... Their leaves, even the dead ones, are more vibrant because of it Me be Lonely Plot the of.

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