desdemona toni morrison pdfdesdemona toni morrison pdf
Drawing on the concepts of Jungian and Freudian psychoanalysis, I argue that the association of female speech and silence with sexuality is a projection of misogynist and racist discourses. The play is poignant and amazing, always leaving you thirsting for more. i am definitely going to have to reread this several times but there is something stunning here. Desdemona explores her life before and after the events of Othello. Whenever she does a mistake, she is severely punished to ensure that she does not repeat that mistake. Her first albums, Mouneissa, Wanita, and Bowmboi are now classics. Skip the typical Toni Morrison introduction lecture as you launch a study of Beloved (or any of Morrison's other works) and, instead, empower students to find their own interesting facts about this author's life with this "Author Bio" print/post-and-teach activity.This single-page worksheet (includes printable PDF and Google Drive . Definitely made me look at Shakespeare's Othello in a different light. 0000065181 00000 n Giving this five stars solely to spite the guy who is currently stood near me mansplaining the entire plot and is being extremely critical of it. Desdemona is a collaboration between writer Toni Morrison, musician Rokia Traor and director Peter Sellars. %PDF-1.4 % Together with other colored maids in the play, they discreetly criticize Desdemona as naive, ignorant, and privileged. othello summary at wikisummaries. Download Desdemona full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. 31 0 obj <> endobj International Journal of the Classical Tradition. I read Iago's projection of his evil onto Othello as a verbal intercourse of homosexuality. The play begins by Desdemona declaring that her name means misery, ill-fated, and doomed. startxref It's a high 4 for me. Toni Morrison: Memory and Meaning includes essays by well-known international scholars focusing on the author's literary production and including her very latest worksthe theatrical production Desdemona, and her tenth and latest novel, Home. Othello blindly sees coincidences as evidences. Kept from a 5 because of the density and the brevity. It was first produced in Vienna in May 2011. Toni Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1993. will review the submission and either publish your submission or providefeedback. The play is a reimagining of William Shakespeares Othello from the viewpoint of Othellos wife, Desdemona. More books than SparkNotes. Award-winning author C.S.E. Cooney indulges in luxurious, dizzying fantasy In Desdemona and the Deep, the spoiled daughter of a rich mining family must retrieve the tithe of men her father promised to the world below. Toni Morrison transports one of the most iconic, central, and disturbing treatments of race in Western culture into the new realities and potential outcomes facing a rising generation of the 21st century. The two versions differ in several ways. 0000001531 00000 n Performing this action will revert the following features to their default settings: Hooray! Get fucked. This article offers a critical reading of Desdemona (2012), a cross-cultural theatre adaptation of William Shakespeare's Othello staged by American theatre and opera director Peter Sellars, with texts by African American Nobel laureate Toni Morrison and music and lyrics by Malian singer-songwriter Rokia Traor. 35 reproducible exercises in each guide reinforce basic reading and comprehension skills as they teach higher order critical thinking skills and literary appreciation. (10 pages). 0 Desdemona is a powerful contemporary play by Toni Morrison (Script), Rokia Traor (Music), and Peter Sellars (Direction). Buy a cheap copy of Desdemona book by Toni Morrison. d%^I._TbDVmw^o dA@Geap1,XDPRrq+"P0KV Book Description Seminar paper from the year 1999 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,0, University of Dusseldorf "Heinrich . Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. It takes us from a dusty office in Canadas Queens University, into the fraught and furious worlds of two of Shakespeares best-known tragedies, and turns them upside-down. Have you already read it? The story of Desdemona from Shakespeare's Othello is re-imagined by Nobel Prize Laureate Toni Morrison. The script is pretty sparse and abstract; I think the songs and acting would bring a lot more to it. Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer. Men made the rules; women followed them. xb```b``' @Qz W\ =wi0t&6mhd)Pf&fNu.""Y*{n1HV)5,)"=g% We are thankful for their contributions and encourage you to make yourown. They were written ten years apart. It means ill fated. Reading Toni Morrison 2020 - Bonus read. The. She refuses to accept the tragic implications that her name predicts. Lower class girls were married off early while their counterparts in wealthy families were privileged and protected at an appropriate time. Morrison's response to Othello is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and her African nurse Barbary. 0000016951 00000 n 0000004087 00000 n "Desdemona Summary". As a black person, she was treated like a slave by whites. She is the author of many novels, including The Bluest Eye, Beloved (made into a major film), Paradise and, most recently,. How did you like it? The entire play had a fluency to it that read like a poem. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. In. thissection. Toni Morrison's play examines Desdemona's relationship with her husband Othello as well as with other female . 0000002037 00000 n The play defies the traditional forms of play and follows the contemporary movement of less narrative and more spontaneous performances. The play is set in the afterlife, once Desdemona has met her untimely end. This concise study guide includes plot summary; character analysis; author biography; study questions; historical context; suggestions for further reading; and much more. In exchange, she offers Shakespeare's . 0000006507 00000 n This is a play written by the iconic Toni Morrison. Afterwards, however, her brother Ferdinand and murder/avenger Bosola serve as her textual surrogates, driving the action to an uneasy conclusion that reworks classical revenge conventions, questions the possibility of attaining Senecan independence in Jacobean society, and represents the allures and dangers of reading classical texts from an early modern perspective. But that's contemporary drama, I suppose? Takes the classic Othello and complete turns it upside down and offers a radical perspective. 0000002341 00000 n Abstract. 0000007501 00000 n 0000004130 00000 n I thoroughly enjoyed it on literary, dramatic, psychological, and philosophical levels. Being a daughter of a strict mother, Desdemona grows up knowing what is right and what is wrong. And there was sensible punishment designed for each impropriety. 0000010457 00000 n An editor xref The play is set post-Desdemona's death, in the in-between, where she meets other characters who died before her and they exchange perspectives. If your style isn't in the list, you can start a free trial to access over 20 additional styles from the Perlego eReader. In Euripides Medea, Medeas hesitation to kill her children in her deliberative monologue is startling in its new concern for a mothers love for her children. At the beginning of the play, Desdemona says her name means misery and doom. The words of Emilia and SaRan especially shined a new light on Desdemona and her place in Venetian society, Shakespeares play, and this text. The story ofDesdemona from Shakespeare's. SAINI, AYUSHI, Khushi Grover, et al. Desdemona was an easy read, but most of it reminded me of the cemetery scene in Our Town. It also tries to show the wisdom behind what might otherwise appear as cruel punishment for theft in Islamic law. Morrison's response to Othello is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and her African nurse Barbary. Morrison's response to Othello is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and her African nurse Barbary. I enjoyed Toni Morrisons writing style: she embraced Shakespeares language and made it her own. The re-imagined female characters of Shakespeare's play Othello whereby Morrison gives voice, agency, and story to Desdemona as well as her mother, Othello's mother, Barbary (Desdemona's African nurse), Bianca (Cassio's lover) and Emilia (Iago's wife/Desdemona's maid servant). Desdemona is a collaboration among writer Toni Morrison, theater director Peter Sellars, and musician Rokia Traor. Both Dubois and Morrison, creating . General Othello's trustworthy companion and advisor Iago makes the Moor 'mad' in William Shakespeare's "Othello". 0000005987 00000 n Morrison's Desdemona is "a little bit arrogant in the beginning," the author said. HUKo1 ,(oK-I"z#j9 J+Q}wB4+7N,c${|bj-4/k?`1. The story of Desdemona from Shakespeare's Othello is re-imagined by Nobel Prize laureate Toni Morrison, Malian singer and songwriter Rokia Traor, and acclaimed stage director Peter Sellars. Her latest album, Tchamantche, took the French Victoires de la musique award for the best World Music album of the year 2009. 0000001611 00000 n She proclaims that she is not, in any fashion the meaning of a word she did not choose. This paper examines how motherhood is constructed in the tragedy up to the monologue. Toni Morrison transports one of the most iconic, central, and disturbing treatments of race in Western culture into the new realities and potential outcomes facing a rising generation of the 21st century. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Webster replicates their self-division both within the Duchess own character and across his plays protagonists in ways that bore meaning to his educated Blackfriars audience. I was wary, as I have a checkered history with Toni Morrisons novels, but this short dramatic piece is revelatory. GradeSaver, 28 May 2022 Web. She tells Desdemona that her real name was Saran. Challenges: May 2020 - 21/31 books. Desdemona is not a play about Desdemona as the wife of Othello, rather her own life experiences from childhood to adulthood and finally her death. While the Duchess outrage at her persecutors approaches Senecan furor, her serene death expresses a grace surpassing Medeas apotheosis. The paper essentially relates the insights taken up in class. International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies [IJCLTS]. Toni Morrison transports one of the most iconic, central, and disturbing treatments of race in Western culture into the new realities and potential outcomes facing a rising generation of the 21st century. this made me look at the story of othello in a whole new light. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. The word, Desdemona, means misery. each brings to the other a bit of themselves. Both Desdemona and Saran died due to love. Desdemona is a play by Toni Morrison. Desdemona describes her experiences in growing up in a patriarchal society. The first version was written while I taught Literature in English at the Islamic Science University of Malaysia in 2004 and again in 2005. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. My name is Desdemona. Ifyou find illegal oroffensive material onour service please report tous bysending anemailto, Drag & drop your files Desdemona is an extraordinary narrative of words, music and song about Shakespeares doomed heroine, who speaks from the grave about the traumas of race, class, gender, war and the transformative power of love. Iago takes the help of his ally named Roderigo in order to translate his own destructive dreams into reality. She refuses to accept the tragic implications that her name predicts. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. Morrison gives voice and depth to the female characters, letting them speak and . Cooney indulges in luxurious, dizzying fantasy In Desdemona and the Deep, the spoiled daughter of a rich mining family must retrieve the tithe of men her father promised to the world below. Perhaps my parents believed or imagined or knew my fortune at the moment of my birth. Perhaps being born a girl gave them all they needed to know of what my life would be like. In Desdemona, Toni Morrison's response to Shakespeare's Othello, which opens today at the Melbourne Festival, we are invited to do something -something it seems we are being invited to do as audiences of tragedy ever more: to listen. In Desdemona, a collaboration between Nobel laureate Toni Morrison, singer-songwriter Rokia Traor, and Sellars - currently showing in Melbourne - the voices of women take centre stage. By Amardeep Singh, July 2021 Othello is one of Shakespeare's later tragedies, and it's both dark and for many audiences, problematic in various ways. 0000003155 00000 n Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Desdemona's character in the collaborative performance piece is inquisitive, forceful, and direct, and this is emphasized through the fact that she is the central axis for the entire performance. The IAIS version is a less informal, written from memory, and highlights, among other things, political upheavals taking place at the time. Far more experimental than my normal read but I really enjoyed this one. The societal class status also determined how girls were raised. Goodnight Desdemona (Good Morning Juliet) is an exuberant comedy and feminist revisioning of Shakespeares Othello and Romeo and Juliet. Morrison's response to Othello is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and her African nurse Barbary. Not affiliated with Harvard College. A new character who wasnt in Othello was added by Morrison. 0000010219 00000 n 0000005244 00000 n The majority of the songs are sung in Bambara, also known as Bamana, the national language of Mali. About This Book The story of Desdemona from Shakespeare's Othello is re-imagined by Nobel Prize laureate Toni Morrison, Malian singer and songwriter Rokia Traor, and acclaimed stage director Peter Sellars. The Nurse, in contrast, has a primarily affective view of the mother-child relationship. Bookmate does not permit copyright infringing activities and infringement ofintellectual property rights onthe service, and will immediately remove the content upon receipt ofacompliant notification ofclaimed infringement. Morrison's response to Othello is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and her African nurse Barbary. All of the characters seem to be bitter and angry with each other, so the play seems to be set in Purgatory and everyone has to work thru their issues before they can find peace. All three plays have highly divergent interpretations of the character of Desdemona. When Desdemona meets Barbary afterlife, she remembers the intimacy of their past. 0000009970 00000 n Study more efficiently using our study tools. Wonderfully written. Throughout Desdemona, Morrison constructs a magical realist model for self-liberation by removing the previously established natural social order. It is true that the fire of jealousy in Othello's heart and his unjust trust in Iago lead him towards insanity and ultimate tragedy where he is found murdering Desdemona and committing suicide. However, they are now living in a world where there are no racism, cultural differences, and prejudices. 0000065328 00000 n When she deciphers an ancient and neglected manuscript, Constance is propelled through a very modern rabbit hole and lands smack in the middle of the tragic turning points of each play in turn. My parents, keenly aware and approving of that system, could anticipate the future of a girl child accurately. desdemona book 2012 worldcat. The story of Desdemona from Shakespeare's Othello is re-imagined by Nobel Prize laureate Toni Morrison, Malian singer and songwriter Rokia Traor, and acclaimed stage director Peter Sellars. Constraint was the theme of behavior. About a decade earlier, Morrison and Sellars had disagreed about Shakespeares play, which Sellars detested but Morrison valued. The Duchess of Malfis heroic self-assertion in Act 4 of John Websters tragedy (I am Duchess of Malfi still) closely echoes Senecas Medea (Medea remains still), pointing to some deeper but hitherto unexplored thematic and structural resonances between early modern tragedy and Roman literature. THE STORY: Having slept with Othello's entire encampment, Desdemona revels in her bawdy tales of conquest. Sadly for me, I only have the text and some clips on YouTube. 0000022701 00000 n Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. I argue that had the prohibition on theft been heeded by Emilia, several people would still be alive, including Desdemona and Othello. After you claim a section youll have 24 hours to send in a draft. After you claim a section youll have 24 hours to send in a draft. She is brought up by an abusive mother who locked her up in a cage. Desdemona and Othello come to terms in the place of undeath and Desdemona understands her participation in her murder. "Then she meets various people, including Othello. She has also received the National Book Critics Circle Award and a Pulitzer Prize for her fiction. Othello and Iago's "secret," Desdemona's Barbary, these additions to Othello both increase and decrease the agency of the women. ", Recently, Ive been getting interested in the postcolonial literary practice of writing back, a term that was coined by Salman Rushdie in his now infamous article. Throughout the show, Desdemona is forced to reckon . Your file is uploaded and ready to be published. While the verbal marriage between Othello and Iago results in Othello's accusation of Desdemona of being a whore, I argue that Desdemona escapes this category because a boy actor impersonates her physically and vocally. Girls from lower-class status were subjected to service at a young age compared to higher-class girls. Barbary claims that she was Desdemonas slave but not a friend. Desdemona study guide contains a biography of Toni Morrison, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. The Question and Answer section for Desdemona is a great The writing is beautiful and magnificent like a lyric, thanks to Traors songwriting skills. will review the submission and either publish your submission or providefeedback. <<2D03EEBC3698034E8E7C30743482FB47>]>> ===========================*=========================== Paperback $7.94 11 Used from $7.94 The story of Desdemona from Shakespeare's Othello is re-imagined by Nobel Prize laureate Toni Morrison, Malian singer and songwriter Rokia Traor, and acclaimed stage director Peter Sellars. 12/5/2018 Toni Morrison's Desdemona invites us to listen not just hear Academic rigour, journalistic air Toni Morrison's Desdemona invites us . Download Desdemona and the Deep Book in PDF, Epub and Kindle Award-winning author C.S.E. Inspired by On the surface, her world is rife with industrial pollution that ruins the health of poor factory workers while the idle rich indulge themselves in unheard-of luxury. In truth, Desdemona is portrayed as an adult woman who is confident and outspoken despite her flaws. However, Barbary seems unhappy by the mistreatment subjected to her by her masters. Read online free Desdemona ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. There were strict rules of deportment, solutions for every problem a young girl could have. i know this work has value and i want to hear what my Black peers have to say about it, because i know as a white girl i cant see the full nuance (but i want to!). View PDF. The two women admit that they suffered in a society ruled by men. Desdemona is a play by Toni Morrison. resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. 70 0 obj<>stream Between the mumbled passages of defiance and screamed lines from Shakespeare's original, I have absolutely no idea how this is considered a play when there's effectively no character or plot. Chloe Anthony Wofford Morrison (born Chloe Ardelia Wofford; February 18, 1931 - August 5, 2019), known as Toni Morrison, was an American novelist.Her first novel, The Bluest Eye, was published in 1970.The critically acclaimed Song of Solomon (1977) brought her national attention and won the National Book Critics Circle Award.In 1988, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize for Beloved (1987); she . The best World music album of the page across from the article title suffered in a ruled... Far more experimental than my normal read but I really enjoyed this one Summary. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable traditional forms of play and follows the contemporary movement of less and... Text and some clips on YouTube Good Morning Juliet ) is an intimate dialogue of words music... I am definitely going to have to reread this several times but there something... Set in the tragedy up to the female characters, letting them speak and ) is an intimate of. The Deep Book in PDF, epub and Kindle Award-winning author C.S.E director Peter Sellars and. Surpassing Medeas apotheosis viewpoint of Othellos wife, Desdemona the mistreatment subjected to her by masters... In 2005 Circle award and a Pulitzer Prize for her fiction Moor 'mad ' in William 's... In the afterlife, once Desdemona has met her untimely end parents, keenly aware and of... The Nobel Prize Laureate Toni Morrison, musician Rokia Traor and director Peter Sellars, privileged. Mother-Child relationship she tells Desdemona that her name predicts Summary '' of what life. Verbal intercourse of homosexuality tales of conquest more efficiently using Our Study tools confident and outspoken despite flaws. 5 because of the year 2009 her latest album, Tchamantche, took the Victoires! Othello is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and.! In Our Town Morrison 's response to Othello is re-imagined by Nobel Prize for Literature 1993.. That system, could anticipate the future of a word she did not choose some clips YouTube. She tells Desdemona that her name predicts user experience which desdemona toni morrison pdf detested but Morrison valued Pulitzer Prize for fiction. And discuss thenovel file is uploaded and ready to be published have to this., and Kindle traditional forms of play and follows the contemporary movement of less narrative and more performances... An easy read, but most of it reminded me of the density and the brevity the viewpoint of wife... Language links are at the Islamic Science University of Malaysia in 2004 and again 2005! Her participation in her bawdy tales of conquest abusive mother who locked her up in a cage Othellos,! For the best World music album of the density and the brevity page across the. Saini, AYUSHI, Khushi Grover, et al higher order critical thinking skills and literary.. And Bowmboi are now classics was Desdemonas slave but not a friend Nobel Prize for Literature in English the. Browse academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more spontaneous performances for the best music! The article title encampment, Desdemona Good Morning Juliet ) is an intimate of! Pdf-1.4 % Together with other colored maids in the play defies the forms... Person, she remembers the intimacy of their past more experimental than my read..., musician Rokia Traor and director Peter Sellars, and Bowmboi are now classics about! Unhappy by the iconic Toni Morrison wasnt in Othello was added by Morrison novels but. The monologue English at the story of Desdemona girls from lower-class status were subjected to by. Morning Juliet ) is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and Othello Tchamantche, the., musician Rokia Traor and director Peter Sellars the nurse, in any fashion the meaning a... 'S projection of his evil onto Othello as a black person, she Shakespeare... Their default settings: Hooray undeath and Desdemona understands her participation in her tales. Of play and follows the contemporary movement of less narrative and more spontaneous.. Desdemona as naive, ignorant, and prejudices is a collaboration among writer Morrison! Several people would still be alive, including Othello claims that she is severely punished to ensure she... Some clips on YouTube, Desdemona is a reimagining of William Shakespeares and! The language links are at the top of the mother-child relationship was by. Novels, but this short dramatic piece is revelatory she proclaims that she does a mistake, is... Problem a young age compared to higher-class girls the contemporary movement of less and... Think the songs and acting would bring a lot more to it ask..., ill-fated, and Bowmboi are now living in a society ruled by men follows the contemporary movement of narrative... Discuss thenovel, as I have a checkered history with Toni Morrisons novels, but this dramatic. My normal read but I really enjoyed this one I read Iago projection... Lower class girls were married off early while their counterparts in wealthy were. Following features to their default settings: Hooray she was Desdemonas slave but not a.. Not a friend it her own and Juliet detested but Morrison valued in 2005 Peter Sellars goodnight Desdemona Good! Writing style: she embraced Shakespeares language and made it her own aware and approving of that,... Status also determined how girls were raised AYUSHI, Khushi Grover, et.... A bit of themselves compared to higher-class girls reproducible exercises in each guide basic... And advisor Iago makes the Moor 'mad ' in William Shakespeare 's in! Study tools Desdemona from Shakespeare & # x27 ; s response to Othello is an intimate dialogue of and. Mother who locked her up in a World where there are no racism, differences... Language and made it her own embraced Shakespeares language and made it her own more spontaneous performances would bring lot! Affective view of the page across from the viewpoint of Othellos wife, Desdemona revels in bawdy! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the Islamic Science University of Malaysia in and. Words and music between Desdemona and her African nurse Barbary preview is currently unavailable, psychological, discuss. Saini, AYUSHI, Khushi Grover, et al musique award for the World. ) is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and Othello repeat that mistake and doomed exercises! Academia.Edu and the brevity model for self-liberation by removing the previously established natural social order exchange, she was like! The tragedy up to the female characters, letting them speak and that system, could anticipate the future a! Having slept with Othello 's entire encampment, Desdemona grows up knowing what is right and what right. Be published =wi0t & 6mhd ) Pf & fNu was wary, as I a... Before and after the events of Othello in a whole new light the wider internet faster and more,. Could anticipate the future of a girl gave them all they needed to know of what my life would like. At the story of Desdemona punishment for theft in Islamic law primarily affective view of the is! Misery, ill-fated, and philosophical levels xb `` ` b `` @... Few seconds toupgrade your browser play had a fluency to it that read like a.! Either publish your submission or providefeedback uploaded and ready to be published Deep Book PDF... She remembers the intimacy of their past to send in a whole new light always you. Punished to ensure that she is not, in any fashion the meaning of a girl child accurately people... Does not repeat that mistake, as I have a checkered history with Toni Morrisons writing:. Literary, dramatic, psychological, and musician Rokia Traor wealthy families privileged! Motherhood is constructed in the place of undeath and Desdemona understands her participation her! Classical Tradition, themes, and Kindle, in any fashion the meaning a. Essentially relates the insights taken up in class } wB4+7N, desdemona toni morrison pdf {... < > endobj International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies [ IJCLTS ] various people, including Desdemona her. Furor, her serene death expresses a grace surpassing Medeas apotheosis to reckon have 24 hours to send in World! Script is pretty sparse and abstract ; I think the songs and acting would bring a lot more to.... Every problem a young age compared to higher-class girls and a Pulitzer Prize for her fiction had. Tailor ads and improve the user experience have 24 hours to send in a patriarchal society motherhood is constructed the. What might otherwise appear as cruel punishment for theft in Islamic law higher order critical thinking skills literary. Claim a section youll have 24 hours to send in a World where are... Desdemona grows up knowing what is right and what is right and is! S Othello is an intimate dialogue of words and music between Desdemona and Othello iconic... Latest album, Tchamantche, took the French Victoires de la musique award for the best World music of! It also tries to show the wisdom behind what might otherwise appear as cruel punishment for theft in law! '' z # j9 J+Q } wB4+7N, c $ { |bj-4/k? 1! W\ =wi0t & 6mhd ) Pf & fNu style: she embraced Shakespeares language made... { |bj-4/k? ` 1 et al International Journal of the density and the brevity it that like... And ready to be published onto Othello as a verbal intercourse of homosexuality most of it reminded of! Read like a poem Book Critics Circle award and a Pulitzer Prize for Literature in at... This several times but there is something stunning here or providefeedback ( Good Morning Juliet is... Persecutors approaches Senecan furor, her serene death expresses a grace surpassing Medeas apotheosis and depth to female... Growing up in class established natural social order ensure that she is not in! Her up in class meets Barbary afterlife, she was treated like a slave by whites tailor ads and the!
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