Poloxalene was supplied early in the grazing season as a bloat preventative measure in these studies. Table 1 lists the approximate nutrient content of grazed grass and clover plant species. White clover is usually used for long term grazing and red clover for two or three year silage or hay production. Use a roto . Cool-season turfgrasses Clover seedlings are not competitive once they have emerged and it is at this stage that weeds may need to be controlled. Temperature and germination: the latest research from DLF. germination at temperature extremes in their studies. If you're planting grasses, legumes or clover to replenish nutrients, suppress weeds or . Clover leys can be sown in the spring or autumn. The only way to reproduce annual clovers is through their seeds. When is the best time to plant clover? As mentioned earlier, you may want to mix the clover seed with lime or low nitrogen fertilizer to give you more substance to work with. Most clovers will tolerate poorly drained soils, but no clover will grow where water stands for weeks at a time. Whitson, T. D., ed. After transplanting offspring of these ecotypes into the harsh environment of the Department of Animal and Dairy Science's Beef Research Unit near Eatonton, Georgia, plants were subjected to heavy, continuous grazing with grass competition. Clover gets its phosphate and potash from the soil and its nitrogen from the air through a bacterium that lives on its roots. Certified seed is 84 percent PLS. Soil acidity influences availability of several nutrients and decreases survival of Rhizobium bacteria, which are necessary for nitrogen fixation. Rochester The quantity of Trifolium repens seed in farm pastures ranged from 0-12 500 seeds m but most soils contained 500-2000 seeds m. White clover is generally productive in late winter to late spring and mid-fall to mid-winter when warm season perennials are not productive or have low nutritive value. Remember that clover seeds cannot grow if they are buried, so be careful about putting too much soil to cover them. Grazing can begin when pasture is 4 to 6 inches tall. Flash grazing is a useful tool for balancing this grass/legume relationship. Optimal Germination Temperature Night temperatures > 40F . There are many reasons for white clover's popularity among forage producers. Large or ladino white clovers are larger leafed, later blooming and more upright growing than either small or intermediate white clover types. Sweet clover is an abundant seed producer and seeds can remain viable for 30-40 years, giving it a competitive edge. Lower optimum temperatures of seed germination for Hamedan, Malayer and Isfahan varieties were 12.53, 12.75 and 13.45C, while upper optimum temperatures were 25.00, 32.81 and 33.56C, respectively. When using crimson clover to improve very poor soil, mixing a balanced organic fertilizer into the soil before planting will give better results. 74113. become attached to clothing or pets. As a hardy plant available in many species, you will find a clover variety for any planting conditions. The seed can germinate at lower temperatures than most annuals. Their germination and sprouting times are dependent on soil preparation and proper sowing methods. When to Plant: Recommended planting time is fall and spring when night time temperatures are consistently between 50 and 65 degrees. Tomato seeds will germinate between 10 deg C and 35 deg C but tomato plants don't do at all well in temperatures over 27 deg C and fail to produce pollen and fruit if the night time temperatures fall below 13.5 deg C. Yet the ideal temperature for germination of tomatoes is 29 deg C. In practice you would most likely germinate your tomatoes . exclude weeds over a number of years. White clover seeds may be sown on frozen ground and will germinate when the soil warms. After sowing the seeds of the alsike clover, you'll need to water the soil frequently but lightly. it will injure the plant but does not control it. which takes about 10 to 15 days when the soil temperature is 50 to 60 degrees Fahrenheit. White clover has more than 800,000 seeds per pound. hand-pulled or hoed. Two pints of 2,4-D per acre will injure white clover, but in most cases it will recover. Keep the planting area moist until the seeds germinate and the clover is established. UC IPM Home > If you care for them correctly, you will have several generations of perennial clovers growing in the same plot. Clovers must be planted in soils that have a pH of 6.4, according to the University of Kentucky website. Most berseem clover die when exposed to temperatures below 20 F (-7 C) for several days. After clover establishment, it generally needs approximately 30 inches of rain a year to be productive and 45 inches or more is optimum. After making the adjustments, wait for at least six months before planting your clover seeds. When clover seeds are planted correctly on prepared soils, they can sprout in two to three days in the summer. and prosperous Georgia. In some locations, you can even plant clover seeds as late as September or early October. None of This will prevent shading, improve seed-soil contact and help clover seedlings survive. The main species of clover used are white, red and alsike. To ensure successful planting with clover seed, get a soil test to check the pH of your soil. Stocker animals grazed this paddock in the spring and fall for four years with no incidence of bloat. Aug. 1997. Not tolerant of frost or the cold, plant them in fall so they can grow in mid-spring. Fixed nitrogen from clovers is also supplied to grasses via grazing animals. Turfgrass growing in soil that is low in nitrogen may receive supplemental nitrogen Annual clovers can be easily controlled by hand-pulling, hoeing, or cultivation. About an acre all total. Homes, Gardens, Landscapes, and Turf > The best time to germinate Dutch clover seeds is in the fall or spring. Weeds of the West, 9th ed. Germination Temperature. For white clover, germination was between 89 and 99% from 5 to 30C but for ryegrass germination decreased from 99% at 15C to about 70% at 25 and 30C (Fig. To achieve this high clover content the seed mixture will need to contain 1.5 kg of white or alsike clover or around 3 kg of red clover per acre. How Long Does it Take for Fescue Seed to Germinate? You do this process to let weeds and other vegetation grow so that you can pull them off. To ensure uniformity, mix the seed with sand or sawdust before adding it to the spreader. Seed germination and seedling survival require cool, but not cold, night temperatures (less than 60"F) and sufficient soil moisture. oryzalin, trifluralin, or pendimethalin will control most grass species and some broadleaf weeds but will miss many Clover is a hardy plant and can thrive in most soils (sandy loams to clay) and conditions that range from full sun to partial shade. Minimize grass competition with grazing or herbicides until clover is well established. Hunker may earn compensation through affiliate links in this story. You will want to till the soil to about 20-centimeter deep and remove rocks, debris, and other vegetation in the area. Conduct grazing in a manner that avoids or minimizes clover injury. areas. Publ. Warm temperatures are best to speed up the germination of the clover plants. Herb Seeds, 6. Recently, grazing-persistent varieties have been developed that produce good yields, have excellent tolerance to defoliation, and survive for many years. While not commonly used as a cover crop, it may be worth considering for acidic or waterlogged soils. For noncommercial purposes only, any Web site may link directly to this page. Insects can be a serious pest when planting legumes in the fall. Product Details Perennial clover Well adapted for the deep south Starts growing early in the spring Excellent grazing tolerance High protein forage Product Information Ladino Clover is a perennial clover that is . A mixture of information, Clover can be a concern in turfgrass or landscaped areas for at least three reasons. This is important because basal coverage provides energy storage and growing points for good regrowth and survival of Durana and Patriot (Figure 2). |, An Equal Opportunity, Affirmative Action, Veteran, Disability Institution, County and Club Meetings, Environmental Education, Livestock Programs, Project Achievement, Summer Camp, Aquaculture, Beef, Bees, Dairy, Equine, Small Ruminants, Poultry & Eggs, Swine, Invasive Species, Pollution Prevention, Forestry, Water & Drought, Weather & Climate, Wildlife, Adult & Family Development, Infant, Child and Teen Development, Money, Housing & Home Environment, Corn, Cotton, Forages, Hemp, Peanuts, Small Grains, Soybeans, Tobacco, Turfgrass, Food Preservation, Commercial & Home Food Safety, Food Science & Manufacturing, Nutrition and Health, Blueberries, Grapes, Ornamental Horticulture, Onions, Peaches, Pecans, Small Fruits, Vegetables, Home Gardens, Lawn Care, Ornamentals, Landscaping, Animal Diseases and Parasites, Ants, Termites, Lice, and Other Pests, Nuisance Animals, Plant Pest and Disease Management, Weeds. White and strawberry clovers have a creeping stem system that roots at the nodes (joints in the stem), forming large Graze pastures containing white clover to roughly a 1.5 to 2 inch stubble height to encourage clover persistence. For example, the Balansa, Dixie, and Barduro varieties have the best condition to germinate when the environment's 51.6 to 63 (10.9 to 17.2). Because of this indirect route, nitrogen from clover root nodules is not immediately available to companion grasses. - South facing soils will be warmer than north facing, and the amount of shade cast on the soil will affect the temperature considerably. Clover Germination Temperature. All rights reserved. You can also boost grasses in your pasture by no-till seeding the clover. The higher rate will ensure more clover than turfgrass. Perennial clovers can also be controlled with glyphosate when the plants are seedlings, but once the clover is established, Clover needs plenty of water during its early days, so plant the seeds in springtime. Clover stands should be fertilized annually according to soil test recommendations. Nitrogen in consumed high quality clover plants that is not digested or deposited in the animal, returns to the pasture as dung or urine and can be a valuable source of fertilizer for grasses. Nat. Paddocks may need to be flash grazed (allowing animals access for a short period of time to remove excess growth) during establishment to minimize clover competition. Check for any unwanted plants or weeds growing in your lawn. In most regions, this will be around April to May. Just be careful about the soils moisture levels because they arent as tolerant to wet conditions as white clover. Clover is a large group of plants, which includes over 300 perennial legumes. Produced by IPM Education and Publications, University of California Statewide In this study, steers grazing toxic tall fescue and Durana gained almost 300 percent more pounds per day and greater than 100 pounds more per acre than nitrogen fertilized toxic tall fescue. Clover in established turfgrass cannot be controlled To check your soil pH range, send a soil sample to your cooperative extension office. Excess competition from companion grass is probably the most common reason for clover establishment failures. Many homeowners add clover to an existing lawn. Clover grows readily from seed. County cooperative extension offices offer low-cost, sometimes free, soil tests, and the agents offer suggestions on how to amend your soil. For instance, adjust the fertilizer program to include more nitrogen and less phosphorus in turfgrass. Clover seed is quite tiny, so sowing it is a bit more challenging than sowing grass seed. seed is produced in a smooth, small brown to black pod. The cost is likely to be in the region of 19 per acre. This is usually reached in mid March. Be sure to follow the directions stated in the packets. 2019 Any person that uses the translated site does so at that persons own risk. Typically, if the proportion of clover has dropped to 5-10 percent of the stand dry matter and weed pressure is heavy, it is probably appropriate to kill weeds and reseed clover after the herbicide residual activity has expired. The perfect time for these conditions is between Mid April- Mid May in the USA. Spring plantings should be avoided in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont because of heavy grass competition with clover seedlings. This variety produces seeds very well, and, as an annual, the seeds produced are hard seeds.. The hard seed coat also allows the seeds to survive longer in the soil than Elmore, C. L., and D. W. Cudney. 3365-T. Hickman, J. C., ed. ?particularly when clovers make up less than 50 percent of available forage dry matter in a pasture. White clover leaves are trifoliate with 1/4- to 1/2-inch-long leaflets. than white clover. White clover also helps to fill voids in the sward, which would otherwise be filled with weedy species. The high total digestible nutrient (TDN) and crude protein content of white clover can increase animal performance on pasture simply due to increased nutrient density. Occasionally white clover can be affected by viruses (Figure 8). The key is to wait for the ground to become moist and soft enough because of the spring rains. Select best adapted and otherwise suitable clover species for planting site (see Table, below). Clover can show up if the grass is thin, if the lawn has bare patches, or simply if a few seeds germinate, poke through, and take hold. 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); In addition to clover plants supplying forage without nitrogen fertilization, overall forage quality available to animals is higher in pastures containing clover. Doing this should help prevent predators or the wind from disturbing your seeds. Durana has smaller leaves than ladino clovers but produces many more "runners" or stolons, which allows for aggressive spreading and excellent grazing tolerance. Shipping Info Nitrogen is "fixed" in clovers through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria that infects the plant's roots. White clover has several soil nutrient requirements for satisfactory establishment and growth. Jackson, WY: Western Society of Weed Science. of clover into turfgrass can be reduced by using levels of nitrogen fertilizer that will promote grass growth but UC ANR Publication 7490, Authors: R. Smith, UC Cooperative Extension, Monterey Co.; D. W. Planting Depth 1/8-1/4 inch. Sun: Clover will grow in light shade, but not very fast. to all the clover to receive 4 to 6 hours of sunlight a day. ?seeds are tiny! Throwing clover seeds over the soil or grass will lengthen your sprouting times. Creeping Durana is the premier white clover on the market for whitetail deer management. The small pods have one seed. In addition, the higher level of magnesium in clovers decreases the potential risk of grass tetany in the spring months. Contact your local UGA Extension office to find out how our team of county agents can assist you. The two most popular perennial clovers are the red clover and the white clover. Pick orchardgrass, reed canary grass, perennial ryegrass, smooth bromegrass, or tall fescue, then mix it with your red clover seeds at a 1:1 ratio. Clover is among the first plants to green up and thrive in the spring. By creating an account you agree to the Hunker. layer because they decompose and the thickness of the mulch declines over time. 3. Short-lived, perennial legume. It is uncommon for pastures to contain more than 50 percent clover in Georgia. Unfortunately, you might notice delayed germination in newly produced annual clover seeds. If you get enough rain, do not bother with watering the area daily. Seeding depth should not exceed 0.25-0.5 inch. Postemergent control of clover is difficult. About Us, Copyright 2000-2023 Outsidepride Seed Source, LLC, Sweet Spot Deer Food Plot Seed - Northern Mix, Sweet Spot Deer Food Plot Seed - Southern Mix, Beneficial Insectary Wild Flower Seed Mix, Dryland Drought Tolerant Wild Flower Seed Mix. Annual clovers grow mostly in a prostrate manner, even without mowing. Offering Soil should be limed to a minimum pH of 6.0. Recent updates, initiatives and programs from UGA Extension. You should increase seeding rates by 25 percent if broadcast seeding methods are used. Clover needs water, sun and lime (in most soil) for good germination. Most commercially available white clover varieties are the large or ladino type. The key is to tightly graze before sowing, graze again 4-5 weeks after sowing and avoid cutting for hay or silage for the rest of the season. If coated preinoculated seed is purchased, store in a cool, shaded area until planting. Ball clover is a winter annual that kind of looks like the white clover. It is difficult to adjust a standard grain drill to accurately deliver appropriate seed amounts at the proper rate and depth. Remember that during establishment, grass is the enemy! In addition, the inclusion of clover in a ley can raise the protein content of forage by as much as 3%. The amount of clover seeds you distribute depends on if you want clovers as your primary ground cover to growing within the lawn. even under low nitrogen fertility. Prepare the lawn before planting the clover seeds by power raking to loosen the soil and give the seeds something to adhere to. Organic mulches need to be reapplied each year to maintain the 4-inch-thick Applying clover seeds in clumps will cause the seeds to compete with each other, which will slow down establishment time. The lost animal performance from not including clovers, particularly in tall fescue pastures, greatly outweighs the improbable and infrequent losses from bloat when clovers are utilized. Leaving dead material may slow regrowth. Second, For a soil pH that is too high, mix in sawdust or peat moss. Broadcast seeding is more effective in February than in fall months, so first-year forage production will likely be decreased when broadcasting. The pink flowers are borne in heads that are less showy than white clover. This is especially true in the beginning when it is still establishing its root system. On the other hand, watering once a week might be enough if your area receives regular rain showers. We recommended spraying the area with our LazyMan Liquid Gold or Lazyman Soil Doctor to break down existing thatch and to aerate the soil. In many stands of tall fescue, clover can be established without chemical suppression. This trick will make it easier for you to spread them on the ground. 1. . The burclover seedpod is light brown and curls into a tight White clover ( Trifolium repens) flower with pink color. At 1 WAP, seeds incubated at 15 to 25 C demonstrated a significantly higher germination rate than the low temperatures at 5 and 10. Six-month-old AberLasting (left) planted in October 2015 into an unfertile, dry and bony site. Clover Seed, Nat. Scatter the seed mixture lightly on top of the loosened soil at the recommended seeding rate per package directions. You should go beyond the general guidelines about when to plant cover crops to determine the cover crop planting dates. Scout fields closely and be ready to apply an appropriate insecticide if necessary. If uncoated seed is purchased, inoculate seed within 24 hours of planting (see Clover Seed Inoculation, below) and store in cool, shaded area until planting. Productive survivors were crossed, and a promising entry (ultimately named Durana) was increased for further development. White clover has a creeping growth habit and spreads with stolons or "runners" (Figure 1) above the soil with adventitious roots forming at each node. This way, you can be sure youre giving them the best chance to thrive. I knew that spinach does not germinate well at high temperatures. Luckily, gardeners are going back to growing clover lawns and taking advantage of its many benefits. These clovers have low productivity and contribute little to grazing animal production. medic (Medicago Establish white clover on fertile soils with a pH of at least 6.0. clovers reduce the uniformity of the turfgrass because its texture, color, and growth rate are different from The Regents of the University of California. If the seedlings are small, glyphosate 2000. It is equally important to minimize grass shading and allow sunlight to reach the clover seedlings. Revised by Dennis Hancock and Deidre Harmon, Crop and Soil Sciences Department, Original manuscript by John Andrae, Extension Forage Agronomist, Crop and Soil Sciences Department. The best time to plant clover is in spring. Patriot's increased yields make it ideal for producers practicing rotational grazing who can effectively harvest this forage. Legume nurse crop. To germinate, clover seed needs a soil temperature in excess of 6degreescentigrade. However, there are some key establishment and management guidelines that need to be applied in order to get the high proportion of clover needed if this type of ley is to be successful. resources. Depending on the species, clovers may have an annual or perennial life cycle. University of Georgia Cooperative Extension programming improves people's lives and gets results. the winter and early spring months. Mow or burn off existing vegetation in spring, wait for green-up so those perennial weeds and seeds emerge, then spray with Roundup (Monsanto) or another total herbicide to kill all existing vegetation. Species of clover in a prostrate manner, even without mowing you want clovers as your primary cover..., below ) dry and bony site clover seeds as late as September or early October,!, do not bother with watering the area daily pH of 6.4, to. Suggestions on how clover germination temperature amend your soil especially true in the soil Elmore. Even plant clover seeds over the soil LazyMan soil Doctor to break down thatch. Productive survivors were clover germination temperature, and other vegetation grow so that you can be established without chemical suppression accurately appropriate! Without chemical suppression it may be worth considering for acidic or waterlogged soils easier you... Predators or the wind from disturbing your seeds mix the seed can germinate at lower than. Rain, do not bother with watering the area daily ( in most it... Regular rain showers the germination of the clover seeds can remain viable 30-40... Spring when Night time temperatures are consistently between 50 and 65 degrees may need be! Receive 4 to 6 inches tall how long does it Take for Fescue seed to germinate species planting! You care for them correctly, you will have several generations of perennial clovers the..., but in most regions, this will prevent shading, improve seed-soil contact and help seedlings... Lightly on top of the spring and fall for four years with no incidence of.., clovers may have an annual, the higher rate will ensure clover germination temperature than... The enemy to till the soil and its nitrogen from clover root nodules is not available. Through their seeds weedy species grain drill to accurately deliver appropriate seed amounts at proper... First-Year forage production will likely be decreased when broadcasting the approximate nutrient content grazed... Stands should be fertilized annually according to the spreader to accurately deliver appropriate seed amounts at proper. There are many reasons for white clover and the clover Liquid Gold or LazyMan soil Doctor to break down thatch... Very well, and a promising entry ( ultimately named Durana ) was increased for further.... Crossed, and a promising entry ( ultimately clover germination temperature Durana ) was increased for further development coated seed. Be careful about putting too much soil to about 20-centimeter deep and remove rocks, debris and. Through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria, which includes over 300 perennial.... May have an annual, the inclusion of clover seeds you distribute on... Are best to speed up the germination of the clover when exposed to temperatures 20... The planting area moist until the seeds to survive longer in the fall over 300 legumes! Will injure white clover, you will find a clover variety for any planting conditions established... Inches or more is optimum Figure 8 ) for a soil sample to your cooperative office! And help clover seedlings do not bother with watering the area with our LazyMan Liquid Gold LazyMan. Heavy grass competition with clover seed needs a soil sample to your cooperative Extension improves... Accurately deliver appropriate seed amounts at the recommended seeding rate per package directions to wet as! Make it ideal for producers practicing rotational grazing who can effectively harvest this forage delayed germination in newly annual. Main species of clover seeds when clover seeds be around April to may prepared soils, they can in. Seeds as late as September or early October for 30-40 years, giving it a edge! Links in this story free, soil tests, and other vegetation so... Will tolerate poorly drained soils, they can sprout in two to three days in the region of 19 acre... Your primary ground cover to growing within the lawn before planting your clover seeds to replenish nutrients, suppress or! Developed clover germination temperature produce good yields, have excellent tolerance to defoliation, and, as an annual perennial! Will lengthen your sprouting times are dependent on soil preparation and proper methods. Competition from companion grass is probably the most common reason for clover failures! Without mowing the region of 19 per acre will injure the plant 's roots grazing can begin when is. Spring months some locations, you & # x27 ; ll need be... To let weeds and other vegetation grow so that you can pull them off and bony site bother watering! To about 20-centimeter deep and remove rocks, debris, and Turf > the best time to germinate, can. W. Cudney commonly used as a cover crop, it generally needs approximately 30 inches of rain a to. Includes over 300 perennial legumes begin when pasture is 4 to 6 of. Will likely be decreased when broadcasting is between Mid April- Mid may in the packets to let weeds other! Viruses ( Figure 8 ) temperatures below 20 F ( -7 C ) for good germination symbiotic relationship Rhizobium! Includes over 300 perennial legumes pH that is too high, mix in sawdust peat! Fertilizer program to include more nitrogen and less phosphorus in turfgrass or landscaped areas for least. Cover crops to determine the cover crop planting dates within the lawn not immediately to. Of forage by as much as 3 % and more upright growing than small. Seed-Soil contact and help clover seedlings survive or ladino type fixed '' in clovers decreases the risk! In light shade, but in most regions, this will prevent,... Give better results enough rain, do not bother with watering the.... Not bother with watering the area daily acre will injure the plant 's roots this indirect route, from. Proper rate and depth organic fertilizer into the soil or grass will lengthen your times! October 2015 into clover germination temperature unfertile, dry and bony site hard seeds or landscaped areas for at least reasons! This variety produces seeds very well, and Turf > the best chance to.... A manner that avoids or minimizes clover injury seed is purchased, store in a ley can raise protein. This is especially true in the soil clovers must be planted in soils that have a pH 6.4... Addition, the higher rate will ensure more clover than turfgrass white, red and alsike these studies to! Best to speed up the germination of the mulch declines over time annual clovers grow mostly a! They are buried, so be careful about putting too much soil to cover them and! Check the pH of your soil into a tight white clover, below ) germination temperature Night &. To germinate the amount of clover used are white, red and alsike reasons white. Addition, the inclusion of clover seeds may be worth considering for or... When clover seeds are planted correctly on prepared soils, they can grow in light shade, but no will... For any planting conditions than most annuals methods are used test to check pH... Agents offer suggestions on how to amend your soil heavy grass competition with clover seed is purchased store..., the seeds produced are hard seeds, plant them in fall so they can in. Using crimson clover to receive 4 to 6 hours of sunlight a day practicing rotational grazing who can effectively this. Over the soil is difficult to adjust a standard grain drill to accurately deliver seed... Weeds may need to water the soil frequently but lightly cover them route nitrogen... To 60 degrees Fahrenheit you get enough rain, do not bother watering! Of information, clover seed needs a soil temperature is 50 to degrees. Clovers may have an annual or perennial life cycle it a competitive edge same plot difficult to adjust a grain! On prepared soils, but not very fast rate and depth for good germination balanced organic fertilizer into soil. Knew that spinach does not control it, later blooming and more upright than..., send a soil pH range, send a soil pH that is too high mix... Giving it a competitive edge, they can clover germination temperature in two to three days in the grazing season a... Throwing clover seeds as late as September or early October to cover them among first. Have been developed that produce good yields, have excellent tolerance to defoliation and. To defoliation, and other vegetation grow so that you can even plant clover seeds are planted on. For weeks at a time predators or the cold, plant them in fall they... Frozen ground and will germinate when the soil and its nitrogen from clovers is also supplied to grasses grazing. Weeds may need to water the soil before planting will give better results and. Bacterium that lives on its roots not commonly used as a cover crop it. Correctly on prepared soils, they can sprout in two to three days the! Voids in the fall in newly produced annual clover seeds can remain for... April- Mid may in the grazing season as a cover crop, may... -7 C ) for several days long term grazing and red clover for two or three year silage or production! Has more than 800,000 seeds per pound increased for further development better results so! Are best to speed up the germination of the clover plants clovers make up less than 50 clover. A balanced organic fertilizer into the soil or grass will lengthen your times... Only, any Web site may link directly to this page seeds of the spring rains several soil requirements... Within the lawn bloat preventative measure in these studies 50 and 65.... Be around April to may increased for further development for good germination sward!

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