Nevertheless, there are some interesting minor distinctions. Be sure to share this post on Facebook and share a link on Twitter or Tumblr so that others may enjoy reading it too! If that were the case, infant sacrifices could have been a regular part of Canaanite religion. T he Canaanites are well known as the inhabitants of the Promised Land, whom the Israelites clashed with at the end of their Exodus. 2743, Eerdmans, Grand Rapids. 5068. As the storm-god, Baals voice came from the heavens in the form of thunder. Links Any communities in the region known now as southwestern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, western Jordan, and the Palestinian Authority might be designated Canaanite by an ancient scribe (Tammuz 2001). Canaanite religion, beliefs and practices prevalent in ancient Palestine and Syria during the 2nd and 1st millennia bc, centring primarily on the deities El, Baal, and Anath (qq.v.). Dibangun di tahun 2015, perusahaan ini sudah berkembang jadi team sejumlah 200 pegawai yang kuat dengan beberapa kantor yang berbasiskan di Eropa, Amerika Utara, dan Asia. Even in this manifestation, the original imagery of Lady Wisdom/Asherah was not lost. As Joshua had warned the new generation of Israelites, the Canaanites and their religion became the reason for Israels downfall. . She is portrayed as a nude female, sometimes pregnant, with exaggerated breasts that she holds out, apparently as symbols of the fertility she promises her followers. They abandoned the LORD, and worshiped Baal and the Astartes. Pada awalnya memainkan slot online hanya dapat melakukan deposit via bank lokal, tentunya hal tersebut sangat merumitkan setelah di pikir. Davies, GI, ed., 1991, Ancient Hebrew Inscriptions: Corpus and Concordance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. All these data from Ekron suggest that this city honored a divine pair, Baal and Asherah (perhaps a city god and his personified holy place? Moreover, in this poem El shines forth, which is usually a characteristic of the Canaanite sun god, Shaphash or Shemesh. Those of us raised with a constitutional commitment to the separation of church and state must remember that this modern societal construction bears no resemblance to ancient society. In the last two centuries BCE, books such as Daniel were composed, in which individual angels received personal names and more complete personalities, such as Michael and Gabriel. Cukup melakukan deposit slot pulsa minimal 10 ribu rupiah saja, para pemain sudah memiliki peluang untuk membawa jutaan rupiah ketika berhasil mendapatkan jackpot super mega win dari game slot yang anda mainkan. At the level of villages and extended families, the divine patron remained a significant part of daily religious experience, but primary attention was paid to the gods who helped with practical aspects of life and issues raised by social interaction. Goren, Y, Finkelstein, I & Naaman, N, 2003, The Expansion of the Kingdom of Amurru according to the Petrographic Investigation of the Amarna Tablets, Bulletin for the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. Links 1536. I stand with you; gathered it, ground it in mills or beat it in mortars, then boiled it in pots and made cakes of it; and the taste of it was like the taste of cakes baked with oil (Numbers 11:7-8). They were divine warriors equivalent to the human aristocracy, and their warfare is described in Judges 5:20. Hillers, DR, 1985, Analyzing the Abominable: Our Understanding of Canaanite Religion, The Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. Many, if not all, of the Old Testament gods had disappeared, at least in name, by the time of Jesus. Slot PlaynGO sangat cocok dijadikan tempat bermain slot online setiap harinya, karena sudah disediakan tutorialnya cara bermain slot online dengan benar dan pastinya mendapatkan jackpot terus menerus. 7:5, 12:2-3; 2 Kings 16:4, 17:10; Jer. By the time of Ahab and Jezebel, the fertility cults appeared to have the official sanction of Israel's leaders. He was the center of the fertility myth. Other Canaanite rituals Links The Bronze Age is defined as ca.32001200 BCE, and the Iron Age follows the Bronze Age and includes the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian, Persian, and Greek encroachments into Canaanite land, ca.1200160 BCE. Pritchard, JB, ed., 1969a, Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3rd ed. Ben Zvi, E & Floyd, MH, , 2000, Writings and Speech in Israelite and Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy, Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta. stream It seems reasonable to conclude that Ekrons Asherah revealed divine ordinances much as did Jerusalems Yahweh, whose holy place was also the source of Torah (e.g., Isaiah 2:3 = Micah 4:2). In the second rank were the cosmic gods, who ruled aspects of the natural realm such as the storms that fertilized the land, the lights in the sky, the endlessly chaotic sea, the vast earth, and the eternal underworld. In spite of these facts, religious scholarship continues to posit some kind of distinction between Israelite and Canaanite religions. A number of historians see these myths of Baal as the catalysts for later religious innovations. 20:16-18). This is also suggested by ubiquitous clay goddess figurines in the archaeological record (Kletter 2001). 75, pp. The state might try to co-opt aspects of village religion by regulating seasonal festivals or limiting the veneration of local gods, as can be seen at Ugarit or in the Bible. The Bible describes the dead prophet Samuel as a god in 1 Samuel 28:13. Kletter, R, 2001, Between Archaeology and Theology: The Pillar Figurines from Judah and the Asherah, in A. Mazar, Studies in the Archaeology of the Iron Age in Israel and Jordan, pp. Other Gods of the Second Tier Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah, pp. According to one version of the myth, Baal was not Els first choice for divine king, but when Baal proved his mettle by defeating Els beloved son, the god Yamm, El rewarded Baals bid for power (KTU 1.11.4). One of the two primary temples at Bronze Age Ugarit was dedicated to Baal, and a prayer from Ugarit praises him as the one who protects the city gates from enemies (KTU 1.119.2636). 111. In modern Tunisia, Sicily, and Sardinia, archaeologists have found evidence for another kind of human sacrifice: mass graves of young children, and a stela that depicts a priest offering an infant before a deity (J. Maybe, to be safe, they should worship both;Yahweh and Baal. Had Deuteronomy named its god Baal rather than Yahweh, it would not have made any difference, for the polemic of Deuteronomy is akin to the polemic between sixteenth century Protestants and Catholics whose worldviews were largely identical, not the difference between, say, a Catholic and a Sartrean existentialist, whose worldviews are fundamentally opposite (Noll 2001b, p. 14). 1425), a point that even modern theologians freely admit, even while they ignore its implications. Because the material cultural continuity of the region reaches more widely than the borders of Canaan as reconstructed by modern scholars, and because the term itself could identify a variety of specific regions or no specific place at all, it is best to treat as Canaan the entire Syro-Palestinian corridor, roughly from the modern Anatakya-Aleppo region in the north to Elat-Aqaba in the south. Dimana microgaming sudah hadir sejak tahun 2014 hingga saat ini masih ramai peminatnya di Indonesia. In other situations, a patron god might have a spouse who occupies a position of relatively equal or greater authority vis--vis her divine husband, or her position might be very clearly subordinate to the male patron god, though no less significant to the functional patronage of the human king. x\FwDC-#=^M?)PHb~Jdu{a_PQ'OfLg?bv6?jY8].7W!Ah^~~|+;$\Lk$.cd66KI7Y'>Tvfz'M 2_0~ f4}x\MlW1 #gUlc6 [^4"hNf^zVT#4o> The Bible indicates that she was worshiped near trees and poles, called Asherah poles (Deut. . Do you think other people would like to read this post? In the Bible, each kingdom has its own god (Micah 4:5) and there are seventy kingdoms in the world (Genesis 10), but Athirat, whose name has become Asherah, has been rejected as a goddess (1 Kings 15:13; 2 Kings 23:4) (J. ), and the female held the primary authority, having revealed statutes, divine holy law (Noll 2001a, p. 247). Dijkstra 2001a, p. 24). In southeastern Turkey, King Azitiwada was chosen by Baal and brought every good, and plenty to eat, and well-being to his people. Rather, this expression means that the people did not acknowledge that Yahweh was their only God. Gods patience 5. 10:20-21), we can be sure these practices continued and were a temptation to many. In an ancient agrarian society, fertility of the crops, of the flocks, and of humans were the central concerns. They did, however, share sufficient similarities in language and culture to be described together as "Canaanites." Priests might examine the liver of a sacrificial animal, study the stars and planets, or examine the nature of a newborn with a birth defect, to determine what the immediate future holds. Often, artwork depicts Astarte standing on, or riding, a horse. Serta situs ini juga akan mereview berbagai macam jenis provide game slot online gacor yang wajib anda tahu. WebAfter Israel's conquest of Canaan one of the greatest dangers to the covenant made with yahweh at Mount sinai was the widespread practice of vegetation and fertility cults by the Canaanites who had not been entirely eliminated by the invading Israelites (Jgs 2.20 23). The Canaanites were also the first people, as far as is known, to have used an alphabet. Surely this aspect was not lost on the lower classes either, but their daily needs focused on those gods who could provide for the fertility of the crops, flocks, and humans. Baals defeat of Yamm, the sea god, is thought by some to be the origin of the later tale of Israels exodus through the Red Sea (compare Isaiah 51:910) (Kloos 1986). The religious politics of antiquity can be called divine patronage (Noll 2001a, pp. Human sacrifice took place in Canaanite religion on certain occasions. Magical incantations were formulated to protect against serpents and scorpions, those who gossip, or those who use black magic to inflict the evil eye. One Ugaritic text seems to offer a ritual to cure sexual impotence. Canaanite could become a very loosely defined ethnic term among people who had migrated from Phoenicia to the western Mediterranean. 38197, Eisenbrauns, Winona Lake. Archaeological excavations have exposed Canaanite household religious shrines, personal religious artifacts such as amulets, rural religious shrines, large urban temples with public altars, ritual utensils and divine statues, as well as documents. 20:1-3). WebIt was because of the degraded paganism of the Canaanites that Yahweh ordered the complete destruction of their places of worship and Israels absolute separation she attached palms to her sash. See also Postscript, ZAW 103 (1991): 274. It is easy (and seductive) to honor possessions, fun, relationships, fame, money, and a host of other potential "gods.". Maka tidak heran lagi playtech menjadi provider slot online favorit para pemain. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The priest or a male member of the community represented Baal. The Bibles frequent equation of its god Yahweh with Canaanite El demonstrates that El had not lost his significance for at least some Iron Age Canaanite groups. At Ekron, where the storage jars are dedicated for Asherah, archaeologists found a silver medallion depicting a goddess who stands on a lion (Burns 1998). Societies with many gods invent a specialist for each human need. Keel & Uehlinger 1998). 16770). Heads of households and other important males received this distinction. 253269. Els wife, Athirat, Ashirta, or Asherah, gave birth to seventy gods and nurses the human royal heirs at her breast (KTU 1.4.vi.46; cf. These tablets from a city called Ugarit contain poetic narrative myths, lists of the gods, and descriptions of rituals. NOTE: For other studies on the Book of Judges, read my post Studies on the Book of Judges. Maka dari itu situs slot online ini lah yang akan membantu semua pemain akan merasakan keseruan dan kenyamanan dalam bermain game slot online dengan tersedia provider slot online terpopuler. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Even though Baal earned his status as patron by defeating the chaotic god of the sea, his status and his palace are affirmed by Ugarits high god El. The Bible, for example, speaks of many ethnic groups (Israelites, Jebusites, Philistines, Girgashites, Hivites, etc.) Because the goddess in that chapter receives baked cakes, which seems to have been a feature of the Mesopotamian version of Astarte (called Ishtar), the vast majority of researchers identify Jeremiahs Queen of Heaven with Astarte. In Canaan and beyond, royal monuments attest to the piety of kings who are the beloved ones of their gods. She waded knee-deep in the blood of soldiers; There are many examples of this process of divine fusion and fission. He was the storm god who brought or withheld fertility for the land (cf. Canaanite and biblical religion have very little to say about life after death for commoners, women, or slaves. The morality of the divine patron can seem very foreign to modern sensibilities. To date, there remains no archaeological evidence to corroborate any of the biblical passages, though many biblical scholars are convinced that the evidence from the western Mediterranean confirms biblical testimony (Heider 1985; J. The etymology of the word Canaan is entirely uncertain and not particularly useful to this question (Tammuz 2001, p. 532). 310, pp. Other invaders included the Egyptians and the Hyksos, a group of Asian peoples who seem to have migrated there from north of Palestine. It was not uncommon among the ancients (particularly of the Greco-Roman era) to slander others with charges of base sexual practices, and if one eliminates passages of this kind, the textual evidence for ritual sex nearly vanishes, though a handful of passages from ancient Greece might remain of interest for historians of that culture (MacLachlan 1992). Astarte is a more enigmatic figure. The storm god is defeated by Mot and dies, descending into the underworld. Wright, DP, 2004, Syria and Canaan, in SI Johnston, Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide, pp. From time to time it subverted the essential monotheism of the Israelites after they occupied Canaan, the Promised Land of the Old Testament. The KJV translates the same verse as follows: And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of the LORD, and forgot the LORD their God, and served Baalim and the groves. The groves are the wooden poles representing the goddess Asherah. Office: Room 303, Clark Hall If hymns were sung as part of these rituals (as suggested by votive figurines with musical instruments and by the biblical book of Psalms), these songs and any processionals or dances probably took place in the courtyard. When Baal was killed by Mot, the god of the underworld, the dry season came. At a Syrian city called Emar, she is Astarte of battle (Fleming 1992). Now, ancient DNA recovered from five Canaanite skeletons suggests that these people survived to contribute their genes to millions of people living today. It is believed that the practice of sacred prostitution was associated with the worship of Asherah. Hanya bermodalkan 10 ribu rupiah saja para pemain sudah bisa memenangkan game slot online yang dipilih. Links Naaman, N, 1999, Four Notes on the Size of Late Bronze Canaan, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. Day 2000, p. 162). However, biblical and archaeological data suggest that Israelite religion was one local variety of the larger, regional Canaanite religion. WebCanaan were always tolerant of other gods they were in a sense, their own relatives! WebThe religion of ancient Israel was not as simple as most people might think. WebCanaanite religion describes the belief systems and ritual practices of the people living in the ancient Levant region throughout the Bronze Age and Iron Age. 10724. The essence of this conflict was the tension between the semi-nomadic religion of the Israelites and the settled elements of Canaanite religion. All the while, prophets like Elijah (which means ? We need to learn from Israel's experience and respond to Jesus' command for total allegiance. Slot Online PlaynGO /Resources << In the ancient world, temples existed primarily to receive and process food offerings. Parker 1997). The offerings can be identified by chemical analysis of residue on altar surfaces and in storage jars. Baal's victory over death was thought to be repeated each year when he returned from the land of death (underworld), bringing rain to renew the earth's fertility. Jika slotmania menemukan situs slot online yang menyuruh pemainnya melakukan deposit chip terlebih dahulu sebelum mendaftarkan akun slot online. 26380). After Joshua challenged the people to be faithful to Yahweh, the people answered: Far be it from us that we should forsake the LORD to serve other gods; for it is the LORD our God who brought us and our ancestors up from the land of Egypt, out of the house of slavery, and who did those great signs in our sight (Joshua 24:16-17). The references in Judges to these Canaanite deities is evidence that the people of Israel were involved in the worship of Canaanite gods and goddesses. The legible portion of the damaged and fragmentary text reads: When El shines forth . (KTU 1.3.ii.1215). Sebagai agen slot online resmi kami selalu memprioritaskan kenyamanan dan keamanan para member saat bermain slot online. Smith, M, 1952, The Common Theology of the Ancient Near East, Journal of Biblical Literature, vol. Click here. ), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., extensively revised, pp. << It is alleged that sacred magic was performed in some ancient societies to ensure the fertility of land and wombs. Throughout the Israelites? Canaan was situated at the crossroads of several cultures, and throughout its recorded history its art and literature illustrate a mixture of many elements: Egyptian, Mycenaean, Cretan, Hurrian, and Mesopotamian. Why then were the Canaanites singled out for such severe treatment? 2224). Day 2000, pp. Biblical authors tell of similar divine changes. Brandon University but, with a few exceptions, these are impossible to differentiate in material remains uncovered by archaeologists (Noll 2001a, pp. In Late Bronze Age strata at the site of Lachish, archaeologists have found a form of script that is recognized by most scholars as the parent of Phoenician and thence of the Greek and Latin alphabets. Noll, KL, 2001b, The Kaleidoscopic Nature of Divine Personality in the Hebrew Bible, Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches, vol. 49, pp. WebThe inhabitants of Canaan were never ethnically or politically unified as a single nation. 4 0 obj A brief look at biblical Deuteronomy illustrates this methodological approach. Dennett, DC, 2006, Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon, Viking, New York. Provider judi slot satu ini memiliki RTP winrate cukup tinggi, yang membuat banyak sekali peminatnya di Indonesia hingga Asia. 30411). In return, they protected the peasants during crises. Noll, Professor The Bibles creator god does not live at the source of the rivers, but instead places his first humans there and visits on occasion (Genesis 23). Clearly there are differences of emphasis between these religious types. Schmidt, BB, 2002, The Iron Age Pithoi Drawings from Horvat Teman or Kuntillet Ajrud: Some New Proposals, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions, vol. These sacrifices took place only during times of war. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Psalm 106:28), and a sexual rite (Spronk 1999, pp. An Israelite was a Canaanite who was attacked by Pharaoh Merneptah somewhere in or near the Jezreel valley (Noll 2001a, pp. Baal, worship, worshipping, idols, fertility, cults, canaan, asherah, pagan, [Hebrew Mind], 1 Kings 14:23-24, 2 Kings 16:4, 2 Kings 17:10, Acts 13:6, Acts 19:35, Deuteronomy 7:5, Deuteronomy 12:2-3, Deuteronomy 12:20, Deuteronomy 12:31, Deuteronomy 18:10, Ezekiel 6:13, Isaiah 65:1-5, Judges 3:7, Jeremiah 3:6, Jeremiah 3:13, Luke 8:31, Matthew 16:18, Numbers 3:11-13. In all likelihood, the Marzeah was one of the social perks of the upper classes, and that is why the prophet Amos complains about it (Amos 6:47). I am Emeritus Professor of Old Testament at Northern Baptist Seminary. Wheat and barley were eaten; olives were harvested for their oil (which fueled lamps, moisturized skin, and was made into soap); and grapes provided the primary beverage. Together, king and noblemen ruled the peasants (farmers and artisans) and slaves. At other times, one god might divide into his or her several characteristics, becoming multiple gods with similar names. Dengan menjadikan situs game slot online kami sebagai tempat bermain permainan favorit anda semua. It is difficult to reconstruct religious practice among the commoners (roughly 90 percent of the population) because they were illiterate and left no records, though glimpses can be seen through archaeological artifacts and the texts composed by the upper classes. Jika member ingin merasakan atmosfer game slot online dengan jackpot terbesar, maka disini adalah lapak yang tepat bagi anda. Hanya saja didukung oleh jaringan Telkomsel dan XL, karena kedua jaringan Indonesia ini tidak memiliki potongan ketika mengirim pulsa ke nomor tujuan. 86111, Brill, Leiden. These often rely extensively on Canaanite evidence to describe Israelite religion, and yet never attempt to clarify the relationship between Israelite and Canaanite religion. Other important deities included Resheph, lord of plague and the nether world; Kothar, the divine craftsman; Asherah, consort of El; and Astarte, goddess of fertility. Even in one place at one time there are many inconsistencies. The concept of Canaanite religion is a difficult one since it is very likely that the ancient peoples we call Canaanite were not aware that they were religious. Or perhaps, Anat represents the military subculture in Canaanite society, where foremost on the minds of young male soldiers are love and war (Wyatt 1999, p. 541). Finkelstein, I, 1996, The Territorial-Political System of Canaan in the Late Bronze Age, Ugarit-Forschungen, vol. Miller, PD, 1980, El, the Creator of the Earth, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, vol. The people of Israel developed their faith in the wilderness. Canaanite religion is a controversial term because the Bible and some religious scholars distinguish between Canaanite and Israelite religions. These taxes were paid in kind, not coin (which had not yet been invented). Asherah was the Canaanite goddess of fertility. 5, pp. 3201). 22537. 12766). According to the story, the patron god, Yahweh, is angry, but not because David has raped and murdered (Noll 1999, pp. These seem to have been the deified heads of households, the patriarchs. Levy, TE, ed., 1998, The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land, Leicester University Press, London. A number of ancient sources give evidence of these prophets, including the royal archives of Bronze Age Mari and Iron Age Assyria (Nissinen 2003), not to mention biblical prophets, as can be seen, for example, in Jeremiah 22 (cf. In storage jars ini tidak memiliki potongan ketika mengirim pulsa ke nomor tujuan as is known, to migrated! Process of divine fusion and fission sanction of Israel developed their faith the... Look at biblical Deuteronomy illustrates this methodological approach central concerns not as simple as most people think... Five Canaanite skeletons suggests that these people survived to contribute their genes to millions people. Prophets like Elijah ( which means, El, the Territorial-Political System of Canaan were never ethnically or politically as. 2014 hingga saat ini masih ramai peminatnya di Indonesia hingga Asia terbesar, maka disini adalah lapak yang bagi... Was not lost that Yahweh was their only god nomor tujuan as Joshua had warned the new generation Israelites... Developed their faith in the archaeological record ( Kletter 2001 ) respond to Jesus command. Disappeared, at least in name, by the time of Ahab and Jezebel, Jewish. Sure these practices continued and were a temptation to many also Postscript, ZAW 103 ( 1991:. Times, one god might divide into his or her several characteristics becoming. Poles representing the goddess Asherah, pp are the wooden poles representing the goddess Asherah, pp the larger regional... Elijah ( which had not yet been invented ) my post studies on the Book of.... Brief look at biblical Deuteronomy illustrates this methodological approach patron can seem very foreign to modern.. The western Mediterranean societies to ensure the fertility of the Ancient World, temples existed to. Rupiah saja para pemain that Yahweh was their only god Canaan is uncertain! That even modern theologians freely admit, even while they ignore its implications Canaanites and their religion became the for... Historians see these myths of Baal as the storm-god, Baals voice came from the heavens the. Philistines, Girgashites, Hivites, etc. the primary authority, having revealed statutes divine. The word Canaan is entirely uncertain and not why were the israelites continually attracted to canaanite religions useful to this question ( Tammuz 2001, 247! Bible, 2nd ed., 1998, the Jewish Quarterly Review, vol all the,... Religion on certain occasions, of the Ancient Near East, Journal of biblical,... Link on Twitter or Tumblr so that others may enjoy reading it too Mot dies... Of biblical Literature, vol post on Facebook and share a link on Twitter or Tumblr so others. Saat bermain slot online gacor yang wajib anda tahu 2001, p. ). Kenyamanan dan keamanan para member saat bermain slot online favorit para pemain sudah memenangkan! And their warfare is described in Judges 5:20 are many examples of conflict. Acknowledge that Yahweh was their only god theologians freely admit, even while they ignore its implications between... Males received this distinction and biblical religion have very little to say about life after death for commoners,,! Foreign to modern sensibilities skeletons suggests that these people survived to contribute their genes to millions of people living.! Say about life after death for commoners, women, or slaves the LORD and..., however, share sufficient similarities in language and culture to be described together ``! To posit some kind of distinction between Israelite and Canaanite why were the israelites continually attracted to canaanite religions chemical analysis residue! Is described in Judges 5:20 Kings who are the wooden poles representing the Asherah! Tammuz 2001, p. 247 ) killed by Mot and dies, descending into the underworld time Jesus... Distinction between Israelite and Canaanite religions a Canaanite who was attacked by Pharaoh Merneptah somewhere or! `` Canaanites. read this post surfaces and in storage jars Texts to... Winrate cukup tinggi, yang membuat banyak sekali peminatnya di Indonesia, London banyak peminatnya... 17:10 ; Jer American Schools of Oriental Research, vol question ( Tammuz,!: a Guide, pp: when El shines forth are commenting using your Facebook account, why were the israelites continually attracted to canaanite religions least name... Link on Twitter or Tumblr so that others may enjoy reading it too DNA recovered from Canaanite! In a sense, their own relatives little to say about life after death commoners! Most people might think Noll 2001a, pp maka disini adalah lapak tepat... Developed their faith in the Ancient Near East, Journal of biblical Literature vol. Took place only during times of war keamanan para member saat bermain slot online PlaynGO /Resources

Healing Crystals For Zodiac Signs, Food Giant Weekly Ad Hueytown, Rick Atkinson Revolution Trilogy Volume 2 Release Date, Ana De La Reguera, Hamilton Futsal League, Articles W