Switzerland's administrative capital is Bern, while Lausanne serves as its judicial centre. Luxembourg is landlocked, separated from the North Sea by Belgium.. In order to distinguish herds, families and communities developed a pattern of cuts and notches on the animals ears.Reindeer were also the Samis main method of transporting goods during their nomadic journeys. In 2000 the population was 857 million, using a definition which includes the whole of the transcontinental countries of Russia and Turkey. In spite of its internal diversity, Europe has thus functioned, from the time it first emerged in the human consciousness, as a world apart, concentratingto borrow a phrase from Christopher Marloweinfinite riches in a little room.. For discussion of individual countries of the continent, see specific articles by namee.g., Italy, Poland, and United Kingdom. Latin, the language of Rome, evolved into French in the western region, and Italian in the south. Professor of Geography, University of Connecticut, Storrs. They created clothing and tents out of reindeer hides, sewing together the cloth with twine made from the animals tendons.Keeping track of herds and individual animals became increasingly important in Sami life. 0. The northern lowlands are areas of glacial deposition, and, accordingly, their surface is diversified by such features as the Valdai Hills of western Russia; by deposits of boulder clay, sands, and gravels; by glacial lakes; and by the Pripet Marshes, a large ill-drained area of Belarus and Ukraine. Thrace is the western part of Turkey on the European continent.. The other landlocked countries are "standalone" landlocked, not bordering any other such European one (the emphasis is necessary, since Kazakhstan borders Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan, thus forming a vast landlocked expanse in Central Asia). The consensus is, however, that the largest glacier in Europe is the Vatnajokull glacier in Iceland. The ultimate fate of the European Space Agency's JUICE mission could drastically change should it succeed in discovering that Ganymede's ocean is both potentially habitable and accessible. Larger only than Australia, it is a small appendage of Eurasia. Omissions? The tallest mountain in Europe is Mount Elbrus in Russia. Greater Milan is the largest Metropolitan Area in Italy. In many places, including the Mediterranean and North seas, waters have been overfished. 21,946 km 2 (8,473 sq mi) Georgia is a country in the Caucasus region, on the coast of the Black Sea. Historically, Europe has been a center of immigration. Kazakhstan and Russia are in Asia. The Brde (German: edge) belt lies at the northern foot of the Central European Uplands and the Carpathians. As a conceptual construct, Europa, as the more learned of the ancient Greeks first conceived it, stood in sharp contrast to both Asia and Libya, the name then applied to the known northern part of Africa. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. It looks at mountains and valleys, as well as rivers and oceans. Antwerp is the biggest city of the country. The European bison (Bison bonasus), the heaviest land animal on the continent, is one of the most threatened species.Beginning in the 20th century, many governments and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have worked to restore some of Europe's rich biodiversity. Examination of Turkey's topographic structure on a physical map of the world shows clearly the . Italian fashion is also an important cultural export. A small troop of Barbary macaques lives on the tiny island of Gibraltar, between Spain and the African country of Morocco.The waters surrounding Europe are home to a number of organisms, including fish, seaweeds, marine mammals, and crustaceans. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The population within the standard physical geographical boundaries was 701 million in 2005 according to the United Nations. Critics believe the process of attaining EU membership is too difficult for Europes developing economies. Regional climatic contrasts nevertheless exist: oceanic, Mediterranean, and continental types occur widely, as do gradations from one to the other. One Capital of Culture of 2011, Turku, Finland, focused on cultures positive influence on health and well-being. The debate surrounding the cartoons also intensified strained relations between the Islamic world and the West.In 2010, the French government dismantled illegal immigrant camps throughout France. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. European Commission: European Capital of Culture. Imperialism is a policy of extending a nations power and influence through diplomacy or military force. Wcz obsug JavaScript. Nations that use the euro as a unit of currency are called the eurozone.Leadership of the EU, split among different branches and institutions, is a working model of international cooperation. This includes Morriscastle and Ballinesker beaches. All of the events must come together under a common theme or themes. Ireland: geography and landscape. The city is home to the headquarters of luxury brands such as Valentino, Gucci, Versace, and Prada. The Apennines, Dinaric Alps, and Balkan Mountains, as well as the arc-shaped Carpathian Mountains and their southern portion, the Transylvanian Alps, also exhibit high elevations. You can actually get very close to the falls and safely, thanks to a well maintained hiking trail. Glaciation is the process of land being transformed by glaciers or ice sheets. Kazakhstan. Within the standard geographical boundaries, it is comprised of 737 million. The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. Russia is Europe's largest country. A landlocked country of towering mountains, deep Alpine lakes, grassy valleys dotted with . Editor of, Professor of Geography, Birkbeck College, University of London, 194770. This is the largest landlocked country in the world. Most Greek gods and goddesses are representations of the active physical elements that made up the local landscape. The United States and the Soviet Union built up huge nuclear arsenals, with many missiles aimed at targets throughout Europe. The low starting elevation makes the Volga a slow flowing river. The European Union has 23 official languages, and the continent has more than 60 indigenous languages. It is home to many navigable rivers, including the Rhine, Weser, Elbe, Oder, and Vistula. Norway has the longest coastline in Europe. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Fortuitously, Europe has no continuous mountain obstacle aligned north-south, corresponding, for example, to the Western Cordillera of North America and the Andes Mountains of South America, that would limit access into western Europe from the ocean. Its major peninsulas include Jutland and the Scandinavian, Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. 16 S Sunwood Ln , Sandy, UT 84092 is a single-family home listed for-sale at $1,295,000. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Important Scandinavian companies focused on designed products include Electrolux, which makes home electronics, and Ikea and H&M, famous around the world for inexpensive but well-designed home furnishings and clothing, respectively. Europe occupies some 4 million square miles (10 million square km) within the conventional borders assigned to it. Fewer than a million people are fluent in Romansch. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. Although this area remains heavily forested, the continent's forests were drastically reduced as a result of intense urbanization throughout human history. Fun Facts about Europe Europe is home to the smallest country in the world, the Holy See or the Vatican. Greeces many earthquakes, and the tsunamis they caused, were connected to the sea god Poseidon, known as the Earth Shaker. Cults and temples centered on Poseidon were built throughout the Aegean and Mediterranean seas as a means of appeasing the god.As maritime trade and exploration developed in the region, winds and currents connected to Poseidon became important in Greek mythology. Topography describes the physical features of an area of land. Some of these facts about Europe are newer than others. These camps were mostly populated by Roma, also called Gypsies. In fact, the most famous symbol of the Iron Curtain was the Berlin Wall, which divided the East German city of Berlin into western and eastern-controlled parts.The economic and political demise of the Soviet Union led to the end of the Iron Curtain in the late 1980s. The Netherlands shares its maritime borders with UK and France. By supporting this policy, the European Union hopes it will strengthen social, educational, professional, and economic ties in Europe and make the continent more competitive in global markets.Europes cultural products also help unify the region. The language survives in Switzerland because of the remote location of its native speakers.Contemporary CulturesEuropes rich and diverse cultural heritage continues to flourish today. Luxembourg is a small country located in the Low Countries, part of North-West Europe It borders Belgium for 148 kilometres (92 miles) to the west and north, France (73 km [45 mi]) to the south, and Germany (138 km [86 mi]) to the east. Indeed, Turkey has sought membership in the European Union (EU), and the Republic of Cyprus joined the organization in 2004. Key Facts. They have always been called Eastern Europe which was also, always assumed to be communist and divided by the Iron Curtain. Still another scheme with many adherents locates the continental boundary along the Aras River and the Turkish border, thereby putting Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe. Turku officials hope to inspire other European countries to undertake similar projects.Europe also strengthens ties between its diverse peoples and cultures by supporting multilingual education. Italy is separated from the Balkans by the Adriatic Sea, and from Iberia by the Mediterranean Sea, which also separates Europe from Africa. Mountain ranges, such as the Alps and the Carpathian mountains, have a highland climate with large variations according to altitude and latitude. The most important rivers in Europe are Danube, Volga, Rhine, Elbe, Oder and Dnieper, among others. Associated vegetation and soil forms also show continual variety, but only portions of the dominant woodland that clothed most of the continent when humans first appeared now remain. Europes eastern boundary, however, is not a cultural, political, or economic discontinuity on the land comparable, for example, to the insulating significance of the Himalayas, which clearly mark a northern limit to South Asian civilization. There are more bicycles than people in the country (22.3 million bicycles and 17 million people). More than 200 languages are spoken in Europe. They serve as traditional labels of geographic location. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Literally, Europa is now thought to have meant Mainland, rather than the earlier interpretation, Sunset. It appears to have suggested itself to the Greeks, in their maritime world, as an appropriate designation for the extensive northerly lands that lay beyond, lands with characteristics vaguely known yet clearly different from those inherent in the concepts of Asia and Libyaboth of which, relatively prosperous and civilized, were associated closely with the culture of the Greeks and their predecessors. These projected changes will have two major effects: There will be a smaller work force to create a dynamic and industrious economy, and governments and citizens will have to care for more elderly people.These changes will affect different regions of Europe in different ways. The overall population of Europe is set to drop from roughly 590 million to 542 million by 2050. Four broad topographic units can be simply, yet usefully, distinguished in the continent of Europe. It covers an area of 357,022 km2 (137,847 sq mi). These ideas have been tested during times of peace and military conflict, and continue to be redefined today.Historic IssuesEuropes early political history can be traced back to ancient Greece and Rome, both of which profoundly affected how Western civilizations govern their territories and citizens.Described as the birthplace of democracy, ancient Greece revolved around the polis, or city-state. Europe is traditionally defined as one of seven continents. Ive enjoyed my journey through some facts of European geography hope you did too! Encyclopedic entry. [2] A prehistoric perspective would include Britain and Ireland as the core of a further very significant European peninsula prior to the post-glacial rise in sea-levels.[3]. Europe's most significant geological feature is the dichotomy between the highlands and mountains of Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Great Britain in the west to the Ural Mountains in the east. The name Europe, or Europa, is believed to be of Greek origin, as it is the name of a princess in Greek mythology. (South of Northern Ireland is the separate country of Ireland, which gained its independence from the U.K. in 1937.) The volcanoes of Lemnos, an island in the Mediterranean, and Mount Etna, on the island of Sicily, were believed to be the forges of Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire. Developed countries, however, are also facing economic challenges. This article treats the physical and human geography of Europe. The U.K. also includes Northern Ireland, which is on another island. Bitte aktivieren Sie JavaScript. I think the same issue applies to Turkey, which unlike Russia sees itself as belonging more to Europe than Asia, politically and economically. As to the territorial limits of Europe, they may seem relatively clear on its seaward flanks, but many island groups far to the north and westSvalbard, the Faroes, Iceland, and the Madeira and Canary islandsare considered European, while Greenland (though tied politically to Denmark) is conventionally allocated to North America. Europe Europe, second smallest of the world's continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the world's total land area. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Routes detour around, or seek gaps through, those uplandswhose German appellation, Horst (thicket), recalls their still wooded character, while their coal basins give them great economic importance. Of the top 10 largest lakes in Europe, 6 are in Russia, although 1 partly sits in Estonia. The eastward limits now adopted by most geographers exclude the Caucasus region and encompass a small portion of Kazakhstan, where the European boundary formed by the northern Caspian coast is connected to that of the Urals by Kazakhstans Emba River and Mughalzhar (Mugodzhar) Hills, themselves a southern extension of the Urals. The name Europe may also come from combining the Greek roots eur- (wide) and -op (seeing) to form the phrase wide-gazing.Europe is often described as a peninsula of peninsulas. A peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on three sides. Asia is not Europe ;-). It is bounded by the North Sea in the north and west. A convenient division is made by a line linking the base of the peninsula of Jutland with the head of the Adriatic Sea. Europe Facts | Religion: Most of the European people are Christians (76%) and there are smaller numbers of Muslims (6%) and Jews and other beliefs. You cannot download interactives. The lowest terrain in Europe, virtually lacking relief, stands at the head of the Caspian Sea; there the Caspian Depression reaches some 95 feet (29 metres) below sea level. Only hill masses less than 800 feet (240 metres) in height rise gently within the Russian (East European) Plain, which continues northward into Finland, westward into the North European Plain, and southward in the Romanian, Bulgarian, and Hungarian plains. The highest points reached in Norway and Sweden are, respectively, Galdh Peak (8,100 feet [2,469 metres]) and Mount Kebne (6,926 feet [2,111 metres]). Europe is the second-smallest continent. 4. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. It was clear as well that a succession of climates, markedly different from those of the Mediterranean borderlands, were to be experienced as Europe was penetrated from the south. During this time, a number of anti-communist revolutions swept central and eastern Europe. Europe, second smallest of the worlds continents, composed of the westward-projecting peninsulas of Eurasia (the great landmass that it shares with Asia) and occupying nearly one-fifteenth of the worlds total land area. Surprising for such a massive river, it has a humble beginning, rising at just 740 feet above sea level in the Valday Hills which are to the north west of Moscow. Table of contents: The Tallest Mountain in Europe The Largest Lake in Europe The Longest River in Europe The Highest Waterfall in Europe The Longest Beach in Europe The Deepest Cave in Europe The Tallest Volcano in Europe Biggest Glacier in Europe Author of, Emeritus Professor of Geography, Portland State University, Oregon. Topography and bathymetry are shown in a combination of color with shaded relief. Europe is a peninsula of the Eurasian supercontinent and is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean, Black, and Caspian Seas to the south. 2. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. These features typically include natural formations such as mountains, rivers, lakes, and valleys. Rocks of all geologic periods are exposed, and the operation of geologic forces during an immense succession of eras has contributed to the molding of the landscapes of mountain, plateau, and lowland and has bequeathed a variety of mineral reserves. Among the struggling economies that may suffer from carbon emission limits are Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldova.Thus, it seems that Europes historic disparities between north and south, west and east, will continue to widen in the future. Superficial rock cover, elevation, drainage, and soil have sharply differentiated those lowlandswhich are of prime importance to human settlementinto areas of marsh or fen, clay vales, sand and gravel heaths, or river terraces and fertile plains. Some of Europe's major mountain ranges are: Land area in different classes of European mountainous terrain (classification from UNEP-WCMC): The high mountainous areas of Europe are colder and have higher precipitation than lower areas, as is true of mountainous areas in general. The highest summit in Iceland is Hvannadals Peak, at 6,952 feet (2,119 metres), while Ben Nevis, the highest peak in Great Britain, stands at an elevation of only 4,406 feet (1,343 metres). Whats the Difference Between Great Britain and the United Kingdom? In the Alps, Mont Blanc rises to a height of 15,771 feet (4,807 metres), which is the highest point on the continent. The two largest peninsulas are mainland Europe and Scandinavia to the north, divided from each other by the Baltic Sea. Political geography is the internal and external relationships between governments, citizens, and territories. Here are 21 things about this amazing continent that may just surprise you. Updated: 07/28/2022 Table of Contents She or he will best know the preferred format. Read important geography facts about Ireland and information about Ireland's landscapes, topography, and coastline. Roma are a people and culture native to central and eastern Europe. That civilization is distinguished from the rest of Europe by legacies of a medieval Mongol-Tatar domination that precluded the sharing of many of the innovations and developments of European Western civilization; it became further distinctive during the relative isolation of the Soviet period. Europes largest and longest river is the Volga. The Holocaust was the mass murder of Jews under the Nazi regime. The highest peaks in those ranges are Mount Corno (9,554 feet [2,912 metres]) in the Abruzzi Apennines, Bobotov Kuk (8,274 feet [2,522 metres]) in the Dinaric Alps, Mount Botev (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains, Gerlachovsk Peak (Gerlach; 8,711 feet [2,655 metres]) in the Western Carpathians, and Mount Moldoveanu (8,346 feet [2,544 metres]) in the Transylvanian Alps. The forests and grasslands of Western and Central Europe have been almost completely domesticated, with crops and livestock dominant.Finally, small, drought-resistant plants border the Mediterranean Sea, Europe's southern edge. Mount Olympus became the first national park in Greece. January average range from 13C in southern Spain and southern Greek islands to -20C in the northeastern part of European Russia. 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